Biomedical subjects

O G Arinola

Publications and source records attributed to O G Arinola.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Complement factors and circulating immune complexes in children with urinary schistosomiasis and asymptomatic malaria.

Serum concentrations of circulating immune complexes (CIC), complement factors (Factor B, C4, C8) and complement activities (CH50 and AH50) were determined in Nigerian school children having urinary schistosomiasis with or without symptomatic malaria by polyethylene glycol precipitation method, single radial immunodiffusion and total haemolytic activities respectively. One hundred and forty-seven children were recruited from St. John's Primary School, Mokola, Ibadan, Nigeria.RP ovale only, mixed infection of P. ovale with P. falciparum or mixed infection of P. malariae with P. falciparum were found in subjects with asymptomatic malaria without urinary schistosomiasis (M-USS) but P. malariae or P. falciparum was found in subjects with co-infection of urinary schistosomiasis and asymptomatic malaria (M + USS). Mean value of C4 concentration was significantly reduced in M - USS subjects or subjects having both USS and asymptomatic malaria (M + USS) compared with non-infected controls. Serum concentration of Factor B(FB) was significantly reduced while AH50 was significantly increased in urinary schisosomiasis subjects without malaria (USS-M) compared with M-USS subjects or the controls. These observations implied that complement system in USS-M subjects is activated predominantly via alternative pathway (APW) while complement system is activated via classical pathway (CPW) in M-USS or M+USS subjects. The switch of complement activation pathway from alternative type in USS-M subjects to classical type in M-USS subjects may explain the lower malaria parasite densities often found in children harbouring Schistosoma haematobium parasites.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Pregnancy impairs resistance of C57BL/6 mice to Leishmania major infection.

To determine if gestational factors affect the severity of L. major infection, this study assessed the levels of IL-4 mRNA and IFN-gamma mRNA in popliteal lymph node cells of pregnant C57BL/6 mice mated at 5 hours, 16 hours and 15 days post L. major infection using PCR. Infected pregnant C57BL/6 mice developed larger cutaneous footpad lesions compared with non-pregnant infected C57BL/6 mice. The resolution of footpad lesions commenced after 8th week in C57BL/6 mice mated at 16 hrs post L. major infection but 12 weeks in C57BL/6 mice mated at 5 hrs and 15 days post L. major infection. C57BL/6 mice that were infected 20 days post partum resolved L. major infection effectively. But, the lesions in infected pregnant C57BL/6 mice and infected non-pregnant C57BL/6 mice were not as large as in susceptible BALB/c mice. The mean litter weights were similar in pregnant infected C57BL/6 mice mated at different stages of L. major infection but were slightly lower than weights of litters from pregnant uninfected C57BL/6 mice. In 5 days infected pregnant C57BL/6 mice, the levels of IFN-gamma were raised compared with the levels of IL-4 but those mated at 15 days post L. major infection had highest level of IFN-gamma mRNA. In 10 days pregnant infected C57BL/6 mice, levels of IL-4 were raised compared with IFN-gamma but mice mated at 16 hrs post L. major infection had highest level of IL-4. In 15 days pregnant infected mice, the levels of IL-4 were higher than IFN-gamma irrespective of the stage of L. major infection when the mice were mated. Mice infected with L. major 20 days post-partum produced more IFN-gamma than IL-4 from 16 hrs post L. major infection onwards. It may be concluded that increased IL-4 in pregnant infected C57BL/6 mice impairs the resistance of C57BL/6 mice to L. major infection especially in mice that were pregnant before effective immunity (5 hours post L. major infection) is mounted against L. major infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Acute phase proteins, trace elements in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection in Nigerians.

The natural history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is incompletely understood. Factors other than HIV infection alone may be required for the development of the profound immunosuppression that characterizes advanced HIV disease. Nutritional status plays an important role in maintaining normal immunity and thus may be one of these factors. The plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, transferrin, selected trace elements (Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Se and Cr,), total protein and albumin were determined in 25 asymptomatic HIV-infected Nigerian subjects and 30 age matched HIV-seronegative controls using single radial immunodiffusion and spectrophotometric methods. The mean values of Cu (73.2 + 23.9 microg/dl), Mg (9.83 + 5.5 mg/dl), Fe (126 + 21 microg/L), Cd (24.6 + 7.2 microg/L), Se (22.0 + 12.2 microg/dl) and Cr (19.0 + 5.2 microg/L) were low in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects when compared with the controls (Cu = 119.3 + 30.8 microg/dl; Mg = 14.5 + 4.6 mg/L; Fe = 155 + 8.8 microg/ dl; Cd = 33. 1 + 8.3 microg/L; Se = 30.9 + 8.3 microg/dl; Cr = 32.1 + 7.8 microg/ L). The level of Zn was similar in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects (5.1 + 1.9 mg/dl) and the controls (4.6 + 1.7mg/dl). The value of albumin in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects (3.43 + 0.7 g/dl) was significantly low when compared with the controls (4.04 + 0.52 g/dl). Significant correlation existed between albumin and Mg in asymptomatic HIV subjects (r = + 0.758, p < 0.001). The mean value of C-reactive protein was significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects compared with the controls while the level of transferrin in HIV-infected subjects (92.86 + 26.3 mg/dl) did not show any significant difference when compared with the controls (84.36 + 16.9 mg/dl). This study revealed the deficiencies of trace elements in asymptomatic HIV infection and therefore suggests dietary supplementation of these trace elements in the infected subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The effects of ageing on the immune response to Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm by measuring circulating immune complexes, C3, IgG, IgA and IgM levels in residents of Omi dam area of Kogi State, Nigeria.

In this study, the effects of infestation (with Schistosoma haematobium or hookworm) during host ageing on the serum levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC), C3, IgG, IgA and IgM were examined in residents of Omi dam area of Kogi state, Nigeria. S. haematobium-infested and hookworm-infested individuals showed no significant alteration in the levels of CIC, C3, IgG, IgA and IgM in comparison with controls. These levels were the same in infested subjects and controls even when the patients were pooled. Infested old people had the same concentrations of serum CIC, C3 IgG and IgM in comparison with infested young people but IgA levels were higher in the aged group (t=2.100; P<0.05); and were significantly correlated with age (r=0.301; P<0.05). No significant increase in CIC levels with rising age (r=0.123; P>0.20) was observed in the overall population of infested subjects; and infestation in old age did not alter CIC, C3, IgG, IgA and IgM levels in comparison with uninfested young people. For the uninfested, IgG, IgA and IgM values were similar in the aged and the young but the levels of CIC were higher (t=2.156; P<0.05; r=0.280; P<0.05) and C3 lower (t=3.313; P<0.01; r=-0.236; P>0.10) in the aged. The results of this study suggest that the elevated CIC levels found in old people is age-related; and that the contribution of parasitic infestation to these raised levels is uncertain.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Complement levels and leucocyte phagocytosis in newborn babies.

Newborn babies face higher risk of infection than adults, but the immunological basis of this observation is yet to be fully explained particularly in babies of different gestations and birth weights. Sixty-two (62) adults, 55 full-term babies, 18 low birth weight babies and 44 normal birth weight babies were considered for the study. B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes were enumerated by EAC-rosette and E-rosette respectively. Leucocyte migration and intracellular killing were assessed by percentage migration index (%M.I), percentage Candidacidal index (%C.I) and bacterial stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction index (%NBT) respectively. Also, serum levels of C3 and C5 were measured by single radial immuno-diffusion method. Percentage T cell, C3, C5, %NBT and %C.I were lowest in low birth weight babies but % B cell was lowest in full term babies while normal birth babies had least %M.I. The present study suggests that gestational age and birth weight affect different aspects of immune response.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of auto-antibody to DNA and soluble immune complexes in children with urinary schistosomiasis.

Levels of serum auto-antibody to DNA and soluble immune complex (SIC) were determined in the sera of 40 Nigerian school children with heavy urinary schistosomiasis (USS), 64 school children with light USS and 36 apparently healthy children as controls. Haemagglutination and polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG) techniques were employed respectively. 75% of USS subjects with heavy infection, 59% of USS subjects with light infection, and 8% of apparently healthy controls had auto-antibodies to DNA in the serum samples. Moreso, the mean concentrations of auto-antibodies to DNA and SIC were significantly higher in USS subjects with heavy infection compared with USS subjects with light infection or the controls. Significant correlation existed between severity of S. haematobium infection (S. haematobium egg numbers/10 ml urine) and SIC (r=0.21, t=2.16) or auto-anti DNA antibodies (r=0.43, t=3.86). It could be concluded that SIC and anti DNA antibodies are induced by antigens from eggs of S. haematobium and that both SIC and anti DNA antibodies may be involved in the pathology of USS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Immunoglobulin classes, complement factors and circulating immune complexes in chronic sinusitis patients.

Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM), complement factor B (FB), 4th complement factor (C4) and circulating immune complexes (CIC) were determined in 34 Nigerians with chronic sinusitis and 37 apparently healthy age and sex matched controls by single radial immunodiffusion and polyethylene glycol precipitation methods, respectively. The mean serum IgG, IgA, C4, FB and CIC were significantly reduced in chronic sinusitis patients compared with the controls. The mean serum levels of IgG, IgM, C4 and FB were higher in male chronic sinusitis patients compared with female patients. In contrast the mean serum level of IgA was significantly reduced in chronic sinusitis patients. Only IgG and IgA showed significant correlation with the duration of chronic sinusitis. These findings in Nigerian patients suggest immuno-deficiency as one of the causes of chronic sinusitis in Nigerians, therefore routine serum immunoglobulin evaluation is recommended and if found deficient immunoglobulin replacement therapy is advocated for the treatment of such chronic sinusitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Serum immunoglobins in Nigerians with urinary schistosomiasis.

Serum levels of immuno-globulin G, A, M, D and E were determined using single radial immuno-diffusion technique in 52 Nigerian primary school children with urinary schistosomiasis and 39 age and sex matched controls. The mean values of IgA, IgM and IgE in the school children with S. haematobium infection were significantly higher than in controls. These findings suggest that urinary schistosomiasis in these subjects was in the acute stage.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1995

Prevalence and severity of urinary schistosomiasis in Ibadan, Nigeria.

A study was carried out on 218 school children, aged 6-15 years; on 38 local dry cleaners, aged 25-47 years; and on 57 vehicle washers, aged 18-28 years, who were in frequent contact with a stream from an abandoned fish farm in Ibadan, Oyo State of Nigeria to determine the presence, prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis. Of the three categories examined for urinary schistosomiasis, school children had the highest prevalence (21.1%); followed by local dry cleaners at 18.4% and vehicle washers at 15.8%. Males among school children and vehicles washers were more infected at 24.8% and 15.8% respectively, while females among dry cleaners had more infection, 25.9%. Most of infected Nigerians had light infection (less than 50 S. haematobium eggs per 10 ml of urine). Eggs of S. mansoni were detected in urine of two male school children. These data show that prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis is directly dependent on frequency and duration of water contact and age, but independent of sex.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in pregnant C57BL/6 mice infected with L. major at different gestational periods.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To assess if gestational factors affect the resistance of C57BL/6 mice to L major infection, this study determined the levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in popliteal lymph node cells of pregnant C57BL/6 mice infected with L. major at 16 hours, 5 days-, 10 days- and 15 days- post plug by PCR, ELISA and BIOASSAY. DESIGN/SETTING: Experimental. RESULTS: Infected pregnant C57BL/6 mice developed larger cutaneous footpad lesions compared with non-pregnant C57BL/6 mice (that showed signs of resolution 7-10 weeks after infection). But, the lesions in infected pregnant C57BL/6 mice and infected non-pregnant C57BL/6 mice were not as large as in susceptible BALB/c mice. The mean litter weight was also reduced in pregnant infected C57BL/6 mice particularly in the groups infected at later stages of pregnancy (day 10- and day 15-post plug). The levels of both IL-4 and IFN-gamma increased with gestation in pregnant infected C57BL/6 mice compared with pregnant non-infected group, while only IL-4 was raised in pregnant infected mice compared with infected non pregnant mice. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that increased IL-4 in pregnant infected C57BL/6 mice caused the transient susceptibility to L major infection while reduced litter weight was associated with increased IFN-gamma. These effects were pronounced in C57BI/6 mice infected with L major in late pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Circulating immune complexes, immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) and complement components (C3c, C4 and Factor B) in diabetic Nigerians.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum levels of circulating immune complexes (CICs), immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) and Complement Components (C3c, C4 and Factor B) in Nigerians with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. SUBJECTS: Forty-two subjects with diabetic mellitus (17 Type 1 D. M. and 25 Type 2 D. M.) and 21 apparently healthy control subjects. INTERVENTION: Serum level of CICs was measured by polyethylene glycol precipitation method while single radial immunodiffusion method was used to measure serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement components. RESULTS: Only CICs were significantly higher in Type 1 diabetic subjects compared with the controls whereas CICs C3c, C4 and IgM were significantly increased in Type 2 diabetic subjects compared with the controls. The levels of CICs, C3c and IgM were significantly elevated in Type 2 diabetics compared with Type 1 diabetics. CONCLUSION: CIC concentrations may serve as a useful index of depressed host defences usually associated with diabetics mellitus and that humoral immunity is deranged more in Type 2 diabetics compared with Type 1 diabetics. Probably as a result of hyperinsulinaemia associated with insulin resistance.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Leucocyte phagocytosis and circulating immune complexes in mothers after child birth.

Leucocyte phagocytosis and level of circulating immune complexes (CICs) were measured in pregnant women at the three trimesters of pregnancy and in mothers 24-48 hours after child birth to evaluate the influence of pregnancy on leucocyte functions. The mothers were divided into gestation groups depending on the ages of their pregnancies as 1st trimester, 2nd trimester and 3rd trimester. The result shows that total white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocytes (B- and T-lymphocytes) and circulating immune complexes were high in pregnant women (independent of gestational ages) and mothers 24-48 hrs after child birth compared with non-pregnant controls. In contrast, mean percentage migration index (% M.I.), percentage candidacidal index (% C. I) and H2O2 production were reduced in pregnant women and mothers after child birth compared with non-pregnant controls. When test groups (pregnant women and mothers after child birth) were compared, women after child birth had least mean % C.I and %M.I while pregnant women at 1st trimester had highest mean %C. I., %M. I. and highest level of H2O2 production. Within the gestational groups, pregnant women at 3rd trimester had higher %M. I. compared with those in 2nd trimester while those in 2nd trimester had lower %M. I., %C. I. and H2O2 production compared with women at 1st trimester. Our finding shows that cell mediated immune responses vary between trimesters therefore susceptibility of pregnant women to different pathogens may vary with gestation.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) and acute phase proteins in pregnant women with urinary schistosomiasis.

BACKGROUND: S. haematobium have been implicated in female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), ectopic pregnancy and infertility. The presence of schistosome eggs in urine has been reported to correlate with FGS but host immune response in FGS is yet to be determined. This gap in knowledge is addressed by this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum levels of three immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) and three acute phase proteins (transferrin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and haptoglobin) were determined by using single radial immunodiffusion technique in one hundred and eight Nigerian women aged between 15 and 30 years. They were made up of thirty pregnant women with urinary schistosomiasis (P+USS), thirty-six pregnant women without USS (P-USS), eighteen non-pregnant women with USS (NP+USS) and twenty-four healthy non-pregnant women without urinary schistosomiasis (NP-USS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly raised in pregnant women with urinary schistosomiasis compared with non-pregnant women without urinary schistosomiasis (p < 0.01 in each case). The level of transferrin was significantly increased in non-pregnant subjects with urinary schistosomiasis compared with non-pregnant women without urinary schistosomiasis (p <0.01) suggesting the possibility of iron deficiency in these subjects. Alpha-2 macroglobulin was significantly elevated in pregnant subjects with urinary schistosomiasis compared with non-USS subjects, while the mean serum haptoglobin level was significantly higher in pregnant women without urinary schistosomiasis compared to pregnant subjects with urinary schistosomiasis. The results indicate that USS or pregnancy changes different aspects of humoral immunity, thus the co-existence of pregnancy and S. haematobium infection may influence each other.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Usefulness of acute phase proteins for monitoring development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus carriers.

BACKGROUND: Serum levels of acute phase proteins (APP) have been used to diagnose and follow up treatment of liver diseases. This study was carried out to determine the usefulness of APP to predict development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective study, serum haptoglobin, transferrin and alpha 2 macroglobulin levels of 55 subjects consisting of 20 HBV carriers, 18 HBV-positive HCC patients and 17 controls were determined using single radial immunodiffusion. RESULT: The mean levels of haptoglobin were 141.75mg/dl+/-133.76, 97.11mg/dl+/-92.62,161.59mg/dl+/-146.86 for HBV carriers, HBV-positive HCC and controls respectively. The mean transferrin levels for HBV carriers, HBV-positive HCC and controls were 166.4mg/ dl+/-88.31, 140.0mg/dl+/-68.73 and 270.35mg/dl+/-122.79 respectively while similar values for alpha 2 macroglobulin were 195.4mg/dl+/-93.86, 189.83mg/dl+/-77.19 and 127.53mg/dl+/-43.29. No significant difference in the mean serum haptoglobin levels of HBV carriers and HBV-positive HCC (p=0.526), HBV carriers and controls (p= 0.883) and HBV-positive HCC and controls (p=0.295). The difference between the mean serum transferrin levels was insignificant between HBV carriers and HBV-positive HCC, p= 0.671, but was significant between HBV carriers, and HBV-positive HCC compared with controls, (p=0.005 and 0.000 respectively). No significant difference in alpha 2 macroglobulin between HBV carriers and HBV-positive HCC, (p=0.972), but the differences were significant between HBV carriers, and HBV-positive HCC and controls, (p=0.024 and 0.048 respectively). CONCLUSION: Haptoglobin, alpha 2 macroglobulin and transferrin lack predictive value for development of HCC in HBV carriers. Reduced transferrin and increased alpha 2 macroglobulin in HBV carriers might suggest active liver disease.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Auto--antibodies to DNA in the sera of Nigerians attending a rheumatic diseases clinic.

The presence of auto-antibodies to DNA in the sera of 199 Nigerians: 46 with osteoarthritis, 16 with rheumatoid arthritis, 5 with SLE, 18 with chronic hepatitis, 24 peptic ulcer disease and 90 blood donors were assayed using a haemagglutination method. The positivity rates of auto-antibodies to DNA in these subjects were comparable [X2 = 1.56, P > 0.10]. The results of this study shows that the presence of auto-antibodies to DNA is not a reliable diagnostic index for auto-immune phenomena.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Leucocyte migration inhibitory factor assay in Nigerians with urinary schistosomiasis.

Schistosome antigens (soluble egg antigen and adult worm antigen) and non-schistosome antigens (Bacille Calmette Guerin vaccine antigen and measles virus vaccine antigen) were used to assay for leucocyte migration inhibitory factors (LMIF) in Nigerian children with and without Schistosoma haematobium infection. The severity of S. haematobium infection was graded into light infection (1-49 eggs/ 10 ml urine) or heavy infection (more than or equal to 50 eggs/10 ml urine). The mean percentage migration indices were significantly reduced in heavily infected urinary schistosomiasis (USS) subjects compared with the controls or lightly infected subjects when non-antigens were used to stimulate LMIF production. When Schistosome antigens were used to stimulate LMIF production, there were no significant decreases in the % migration indices in heavily infected USS subjects compared with the light USS subjects. The mean percentage migration index was significantly increased when schistosome antigen was used to stimulate LMIF production in treated USS subjects compared with untreated USS subjects but the increase was not significant when non-schistosome antigen was used. The conclusion that could be drawn from this study is that LMIF assay using schistosome antigen(s) has epidemiological value in schistosomiasis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Humoral immunity in Nigerians with Schistosoma haematobium infection.

Circulating soluble immune complexes (CIC), immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA, and IgM), acute phase proteins (alpha-l-fetoprotein and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein) and complement factors (C4 and C3c) levels were determined in 52 Nigerian patients with urinary schistosomiasis (USS) and 39 healthy subjects by polyethylene glycol precipitation and single radial immunodiffusion methods respectively. A considerably higher proportion of USS patients than the controls had elevated levels of soluble immune complexes. IgM, IgA and C3c levels were significantly higher in USS patients than the controls. However, serum concentration of C4 was significantly reduced in USS patients than the controls while that of IgG was not significantly reduced in these patients. The mean levels of alpha-l-fetoprotein and alpha-l-acid glycoprotein were comparable in the USS subjects and the controls. Correlation analysis showed association between S. haematobium egg numbers with serum concentration of IgM, C3c and CIC. These observations could be the results of increased rate of CIC formation, and inflammatory responses to schistosome antigens. The study concluded that IgM associated-CIC may be responsible for the immunopathology of chronic schistosomiasis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of rubella-IgG antibody in women of childbearing age in Lagos, Nigeria.

The prevalence of Rubella-IgG antibody was assessed in 152 Nigerian women consisting of 62 pregnant women. 82 non-pregnant women of childbearing age and 7 women who had suffered miscarriage. Rubella-IgG antibody was detected in sera of the female subjects by Immunocomb II Rubella IgG test kit (Orgenics, Israel) which is an indirect solid face Immunoassay (EIA). Rubella-IgG antibody was detected in 76% of pregnant women, 77% of non-pregnant women of childbearing age and 86% of women who had miscarriage. Similarly, the Rubella-IgG antibody titres of between 15 iu/ml and 120 iu/ml was encountered among the female subjects. Thus in general 77% of all the female subjects were positive for Rubella-IgG antibody while 23% had no detectable Rubella IgG antibody. There is need to protect this set of people considering the potential dangers of congenital anomalies associated with Rubella infection during pregnancy. The implications of the presence or absence of Rubella IgG antibody and titres are discussed.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗