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Biomedical subjects

O Kawanami

Publications and source records attributed to O Kawanami.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Alveolar fibrosis and capillary alteration in experimental pulmonary silicosis in rats.

To analyze the evolution of fibrotic and vascular changes in pulmonary silicosis, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies were made of the lungs of rats given a single intratracheal injection of silica particles. Early lesions were characterized by accumulations of macrophages and neutrophils in alveolar lumina and interstitium and by damage to alveolar capillaries and epithelial cells. The intraluminal masses of inflammatory cells developed into granulomas and became associated with myofibroblasts that migrated from the interstitium through the damaged epithelial lining. Type II epithelial cells and bronchiolar cuboidal cells proliferated rapidly to line the intraluminal granulomas, incorporating them into the interstitium. This process mediated the transition from intraalveolar fibrosis to interstitial fibrosis. Vascular damage was repaired by proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Some endothelial cells in alveolar capillaries expressed Factor VIII-related antigen at 2 wk after silica infusion. In normal animals, this feature was present in peribronchiolar but not in alveolar capillaries. Two patterns of endothelial cell migration were shown by staining for proliferating-cell nuclear antigen. The first pattern was characterized by endothelial cells that extended their cytoplasm over preexisting, denuded basement membranes and replaced necrotic cells in alveolar capillaries. At 4 mo after injury, some of these cells had developed fenestrations. The second pattern consisted of budlike sproutings that developed only in peribronchiolar connective tissue. These observations indicate that peribronchiolar vessels are sources for renewal of alveolar capillary endothelium as well as for neovascularization.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[A molecular pathological study on the localization of the human papillomavirus using nested PCR and in situ hybridization methods in paraffin embedded tissues].

This study was designed to use nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemical techniques to identify human papillomavirus (HPV) in tissues fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Eighty cases including 17 cases of condyloma acuminatum, 10 cases of cervical dysplasia, 6 cases of carcinoma in situ, 16 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, 14 cases of nasal and paranasal papilloma, 1 case of transitional cell papilloma and 16 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were examined. With the nested PCR method, the positive reaction rate of HPV was higher than with the single step PCR method. The detection rate was about ten-fold higher in condyloma acuminatum and two times higher in cervical dysplasia with the nested PCR method. In four cases of condyloma acuminatum, ISH was positive. Three of those cases were type 18 HPV and the another was type 11 HPV. Immunohistochemically, HPV was detected only in the cases of condyloma acuminatum. The nuclei of superficial epithelial cells, especially kilocytes reacted positively both by ISH and immunohistochemical methods. Nested PCR is not a very complicated technique, and the detection rate is higher than that of commonly used pathological techniques. These results suggest that nested PCR will be a useful test for HPV routine pathological diagnosis.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

[Endothelial metaplasia of the alveolar capillaries in experimental silicosis of rats].

We studied, by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations, the basic mechanism of interstitial fibrosis and endothelial metaplasia of alveolar capillaries in the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats that received a single intratracheal infusion of silica particles. Immediately after silica administration, alveolar capillaries collapsed and their endothelial cells became necrotic over wide ranges. Alveolar myofibroblasts migrated into luminal silicaladen granulomas through defects in the alveolar linings. They proliferated and produced collagenous matrices that were incorporated into adjacent walls by coverage of regenerating epithelial cells. By day 4, endothelial cells of peribronchiolar small vessels had become positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. These endothelial cells apparently migrated along alveolar capillary tubes to replace injured endothelial cells through the processes of interdigitation of their cytoplasms. After one month, these alveolar endothelial cells, which were originally negative for factor VIII-related antigen (F-VIII) had become positive, especially in those segments in fibrotic scars. These endothelial cells developed numerous Weibel-Palade bodies containing F-VIII. Some endothelial cells formed specific ultrastructural fenestrations, which are unique to capillary endothelial cells that originated from bronchial arteries. The mechanism of endothelial metaplasia might consist of the following processes in endothelial cells that originated from broncho-pulmonary anastomoses: proliferation, migration, replacement, and differentiation of endothelial cells of bronchial arteries in the chronic fibrotic stages.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Morphological characteristics of human mast cells in normal and pathological thyroid glands. Functional aspect of human mast cells in comparison with rat mast cells].

We examined the distribution and population density of human mast cells in thyroid glands. The results were compared with those of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats because they thyroid function of SD rats is known to be under the control of bioactive amines discharged from mast cells. Normal thyroid tissues were obtained either form autopsy or from a normal portion of the tissue distant from nodular lesions. Thyroid tissues were surgically removed from cases of Graves' disease and other tumorous lesions such as follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, papillary carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. The tissues were fixed with buffered formaldehyde or Carnoy fluid and embedded in paraffin. Mast cells were stained with toluidine blue and naphthol ASD chloroacetate esterase (esterase). Immunoperoxidase reactions to antihuman tryptase and chymase monoclonal antibodies were then observed. The mast cells were also observed by electron microscopy. The histamine content of the thyroid tissues was estimated by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The mast cells in SD rat thyroid glands were scattered in perifollicular connective tissues which were comprised of capillaries, fibroblasts, nerve fibers and occasional fine deposits of collagen fibrils. Their cytoplasmic granules appeared to be distinct, electron dense and amorphous. In contrast, the mast cells in normal human thyroid glands were scattered exclusively over relatively thick interstitial spaces like the interlobular and subcapsular connective tissues. These mesenchymal tissues were composed of bundles of collagen fibrils, fibroblasts, histiocytes and thin cytoplasmic processes of unknown origin. In pathologic thyroid tissues, the mast cells were distributed in a similar pattern over the connective tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Adhesion ultrastructures of mononuclear cells in experimentally-induced silicotic granuloma].

Experimental silicosis was induced by intratracheal infusions of 1 ml saline containing 50 mg standard silica (less than 5 microns diameter) in Sprague-Dawley rats. The lung tissues were observed histologically and ultrastructurally from half an hour up to 4 months. Macrophages, neutrophils, desquamated cells and their debris piled up around the alveolar ducts where the central cores of silicotic granuloma appeared. The granuloma became apparent by day 4 after the infusion and were covered by type II alveolar epithelial cells and bronchiolar cuboidal epithelial cells. Macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells began to react to the antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) indicating self-replication on day 1. Macrophages in the granuloma made a close interdigitation with adjacent macrophages, and they gradually formed subplasmalemmal linear densities (SPLD) as paired forms between adjacent plasma membranes, and unpaired forms facing the interstitial matrix. SPLD were composed of linear densities with actin-like microfilaments along the leaflets of plasma membrane and were associated with extracellular dense bands which resembled a limited length of basement membrane. Interdigitation and SPLD structures were quite rare on day 1, but the number of macrophages with both structures increasingly appeared. The frequency of SPLD in macrophages also increased on a time course of granuloma maturation up to 4 months. Thus SPLD, which were originally found in the mononuclear phagocytes including macrophages, epithelioid cells and multi-nucleated giant cells, particularly in immune granuloma of man, also played a basic role in immobilizing macrophages in lesions of silica-induced granulomas.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Analysis of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and ultrastructure of lung tissues in experimental silicosis].

Sprague-Dawley rats received intratracheal instillation of 50 mg silica dissolved in 1 ml saline. Animals were killed by intraperitoneal injection of nembutal at periods between 0.5 hour and 4 months. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and histological and ultrastructural studies were performed on the right and left lungs, respectively. A large number of neutrophils was recovered in BAL fluid from 3 hours after silica infusion, and was maintained until 4 months as the silica stimulus remained in the lung tissues. The absolute number of lymphocytes gradually increased in BAL fluid from day 2. The recovery of macrophages was quite low 24 hours after silica instillation. In contrast, massive aggregates of macrophages were forming silica granulomata in the lung tissues. This discrepancy of results between cells obtained from BAL and those in the lung tissues was caused by an impaired capacity of migration of alveolar macrophages by the development of a junctional apparatus, the "subplasmalemmal linear densities (SPLD)". These structures consisting of hemidesmosome-like unpaired and desmosome-like paired ones infrequently appeared in the acute stages of granuloma formation and were quite common in macrophages and epithelioid-like cells in granulomata 2 weeks after instillation and thereafter. Silicotic granulomata grew in the alveolar ducts from the aggregates of macrophages superimposed on a various number of alveolar sacs. Regeneration of type II alveolar epithelial cells and bronchiolar cuboidal cells usually covered the outer border of the granuloma. Endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries regenerated following recurrent injuries, and only occasionally formed a fenestration structure in their cytoplasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Endothelial fenestration of the alveolar capillaries in interstitial fibrotic lung diseases.

A light and electron microscopy study was performed on endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries in biopsied lung tissues obtained from 28 patients with interstitial fibrotic lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, collagen vascular diseases and acute interstitial pneumonia. In the relatively early stages of acute interstitial pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other diseases, the cytoplasms of the endothelial cells appeared swollen and electron-lucent and occasionally showed degeneration and necrosis. Although mitosis was not evident in the endothelium at any disease stage, some capillary endothelial cells showed regeneration. Furthermore, although rarely, they showed obvious phenotypic transformation into diaphragmed fenestrae in some limited segments of fibrotic lungs in the 20 of the 28 patients examined. The frequency of endothelial fenestration seemed to be correlated with the degree of interstitial fibrosis along the alveolar walls. In such fibrotic lung tissues, cuboidal metaplastic cells of bronchiolar origin proliferated on the luminal side. The mechanism of endothelial fenestration in the alveolar capillaries is assumed to be comparable with cuboidal metaplasia of alveolar epithelial cells. The alveolar capillary endothelium is recruited from the bronchiolar capillaries via bronchopulmonary anastomoses unless endothelial repair occurs in situ. Regenerating endothelial cells move into the alveolar capillary tubes along the remnant sleeves of the basement membrane. New endothelial processes finally display their original fenestrated structure while secreting irregular fragments of basement membrane during implantation in the capillary beds.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Mechanical circulatory assist by a roller pump system using hydrophilic heparinized polymer coated tubing.

We developed a circulatory assist system driven by a roller pump using hydrophilic heparinized polymer coated tubing. This system is easy to handle and does not require systemic heparinization. We applied it to 11 patients who failed to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass after open heart surgery. Left heart bypass was employed in 5 patients, right heart bypass in 1, combined left and right heart bypass in 2, and venoarterial bypass without oxygenation was done in 3 patients. The assisting flow rate ranged from 0.8 to 3.2 L/min, and the duration of the assist ranged from 5 h to 21 days. Six patients were weaned from this support, and 5 were discharged from the hospital. This system is beneficial for patients who failed to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac surgery because of its simplicity and antithrombogenicity.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Hemopoietic growth factors regulate the survival of human basophils in vitro.

Human basophils were purified from normal peripheral blood, using density gradient followed by negative panning selection. We tested the effects of hemopoietic growth factors on the survival of these basophils in vitro. In the absence of exogenous factors, basophils (purity greater than 90%) decreased in number rapidly. At day 7 only 11% of the cells remained alive in cultures; less than 1% of cells survived at day 14. Interleukin (IL)-3 maintained numbers of viable cells; cell viability was 67% at day 7 and 45% at day 14. Granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-colony-stimulating factor (CSF) exhibited slight effect on the survival; 33% of cells remained at day 7. Other growth factors including granulocyte (G)-CSF, macrophage (M)-CSF, and IL-4 had no significant effect on the survival of basophils at all. Morphological and functional characterization of cells maintained by IL-3 revealed that they belonged to the basophil lineage. These observations indicate that normal basophils possess functional receptors for IL-3 and GM-CSF and that both factors modulate immediate- and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions by prolonging the life span of basophils.

Basophils↗
PubMed1992

[Diagnostic values of BAL and TBLB in patients with interstitial lung diseases].

In order to evaluate the diagnostic values of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) in interstitial lung diseases, we made a retrospective study of a total of 43 patients all of whom underwent examinations for both conditions at the same time. In the BAL examination, fractional analyses of cell differential counts were applied to the first 30 ml lavage (FBAL-I, bronchial lavage) and to the following 50 ml aliquot of the second and third lavages (FBAL-II and -III, the latter supposedly alveolar lavage) lavages respectively. This technique revealed the unique characteristics of bronchial and alveolar inflammations in a separate data and this is assumed to be a precise reflection of the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases. The evaluation values (EV) were graded from 1 to 5 for both results according to the following diagnostic significance: EV1: not useful, EV2: normal or only slight changes from normal level, EV3: moderate changes although not diagnostic, EV4: quite compatible findings for diagnosis and EV5: definitely diagnostic. The 19 patients (43%) whose EV in TBLB were either 4 or 5 were diagnosed as having sarcoidosis (3), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (1), tuberculosis (2), pneumoconiosis (6), histiocytosis X (3), pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia syndrome (PIE) (1), collagen vascular diseases (1), panbronchiolitis (1) or lymphagiomyomatosis (1). Thirteen of them had a BAL EV 4 which consisted of rather characteristic patterns of cell differential counts: thus their diagnoses were reconfirmed. In the other 4 patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, tuberculosis or PIE, the diagnoses were established by the findings of BAL EV 4 although the EV of TBLB were 3 or 2. These results indicate that BAL alone hardly establishes a diagnosis but it can support the TBLB findings and increase a diagnostic ability by 10% in total. Basophilic leukocytes, mast cells and Langerhans cells in BAL were rather non-specific, but the former two frequently appeared in allergic states and the latter two were often present in fibrotic lungs. Histiocytosis X is indicated if Langerhans cells are recovered from more than a small percentage of the total cell counts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Airway and alveolar inflammation assessments with bronchoalveolar lavage in various interstitial lung disorders].

Fractional analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (FABAL) fluid was performed in 6 control patients and 41 patients with various interstitial lung disease. The cell differential counts in the first 30 ml fraction of BAL (FBAL-I), which is considered to be the bronchial lavage, differed from those of the 50 ml second and third fraction (FBAL-III). Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis showed a high recovery of lymphocytes (52%); however, the former two disorders were occasionally, associated with neutrophil airway inflammation, whereas sarcoidosis was not. The percentage recovery of neutrophils in total FBAL was considerably high in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis, and relatively high in those with collagen vascular disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis, and control smokers. However, these neutrophils were largely recovered from FBAL-I, suggesting the presence of airway inflammation. Thus, it is valuable to apply the FBAL method to determine the topographic distribution of inflammatory cells in the lungs. It was also found that the lymphocyte morphology in the lavage fluid was of value in establishing the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and it is critical whether or not mast cells and basophils are present in BALF since they indicate the pathologic state of allergy or fibrosis. Although present in various fibrotic lung diseases in a limit number, langerhans cells are a diagnostic marker for histiocytosis X.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Human fetal mast cells under development of the skin and airways].

We made histochemical and ultrastructural studies of mast cells of the skin and airways in human fetuses (7 to 40 weeks' gestation) and newborn infants. Epithelial differentiation of the skin and bronchial airways was assessed of immunohistochemical characteristics, especially on their basal cells. Histological phenotype and the characteristics to anti-total keratin antibody became identical with the phenotype in the adult by the 11th and 36th week of gestation, respectively. Interstitial fibroblastoid cells appeared oval in shape and remained relatively immature to the termination. Mast cells were first recognized by electron microscopy in the fetal skin of 18-week-old fetuses and histochemically detected in both skin and airways of 24-week-old fetuses. Mast cell counts under high power magnification (40X optical lens) light microscopy gradually increased and made a relatively dramatic rise in the early postnatal periods. The cytoplasm of mast cells showed irregular pseudopod-like elongations which gradually developed microvillous protrusions. It contained immature granules composed of varieties of morphology such as amorphous dense bodies, vesicles with dense cores, particulates and their compound forms. They were located in a corner of the cytoplasm surrounded by lamellated rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. These granules became scattered widely in the cytoplasm showing distinct particulate type. Granules typical of the scroll type became dominant in the process of maturation, and the transformation of crystal-substructures occasionally took place. Prior to birth, mast cell granules fully developed as mature as those in the adult. This process of granule maturation is indicative of a reversed proceeding of slow degranulation, which is commonly seen in the so-called mucosal mast cells.

Epithelial Cells↗
PubMed1990

Papilloma of renal pelvis in childhood.

A papilloma in the renal pelvis of a five-year-old girl is reported. The transitional cell tumors of the renal pelvis in the pediatric age group are reviewed, and this is found to be the first case of a benign papilloma in childhood. We believe this pathologic entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of hematuria in a child.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

[A case of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis induced by pregnancy].

A 35-year-old primigravida was admitted to the Department of obstetrics complaining of dyspnea and left back pain at 21 weeks' gestation. Chest roentgenogram revealed diffuse reticulonodular shadows predominantly in both lower lung fields and arterial hypoxemia was present. Pulmonary function tests showed restrictive impairment and decreased carbon monoxide diffuse capacity. From these results, interstitial pneumonia was suspected and she was first treated with prednisolone. However during her pregnancy, spontaneous pneumothorax occurred. Following spontaneous delivery of healthy infant at 37 weeks, left chylothorax occurred, and pleurodesis was performed with OK432. Thereafter the histological diagnosis of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis was made by transbronchial lung biopsy and treatment of prednisolone was stopped. She was treated with tamoxifen. In addition, progesterone-receptor was detected in the pulmonary tissue obtained at open lung biopsy. She was treated with cyclophosphamide in addition to tamoxifen. At present, shortness of breath has decreased slightly in comparison with one year previously, but no improvement has been seen in lung function tests or chest roentgenogram.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Bronchiolo-fiberscopic, histological and ultrastructural studies of peripheral lung tissues in bronchial asthma patients].

Bronchiolar findings in B8 and 9 of the right lung were taken with a BF-1. 8T bronchiolo-fiberscope in a total of 11 patients with bronchial asthma (6 male, 5 female, average age 59 years). In these patients air pollution was considered responsible for bronchial asthma. Approximately one month after the bronchoscopic examination, transbronchial lung biopsies were performed in the same portion of the lung. Histological and electron microscopic findings were correlated with the above results. Abundant secretion of a serous nature was constantly noted in the peripheral airways of each patient, which was consistent with the histological finding of goblet cell hyperplasia. Dark greenish pigmentation over the edematous mucosa was identified as anthracotic pigments, with or without iron deposit in the tissues. All patients showed occasional aggregates of alveolar macrophages with various amounts of carbon-mixed mineral dusts in their cytoplasm. Six of them formed in the alveolar interstitium micro-granuloma which consisted of epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells. These monocyte-derived cells were obviously adherent to one another by development of paired or unpaired subplasmallemmal linear densities along their cell membranes. Nine patients showed regeneration of bronchiolar cuboidal and type II alveolar epithelial cells along the proximal alveolar sacs. They frequently showed nuclear inclusions. This proliferative tendency is suggestive of previous bronchiolo-alveolar damage due possibly to the air pollutants in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Endotoxin-induced lung injury--the role of leukocytes and oxidants].

Endotoxin shock was made in guinea pigs to understand the initial pathogenesis in connection with the oxygen radicals from leukocytes. The intraperitoneal injection of LD50 E. coli endotoxin induced rapid leukopenia, and leukocytosis appeared at 24 hours of injection. The cell differential counts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed a significant increase in eosinophil at 10 and 30 minutes. There was also a significant increase in neutrophil at 24 hours. The activity of superoxide dismutase in the lung tissue decreased at 10 minutes of injection and remained low for 24 hours. Malonaldehyde, a lipid peroxidation metabolite by oxidants, gradually increased and reached a maximal value at 60 minutes of injection. The lung damage was histologically characterized by a rapid appearance of the alveolar edema and scattered infiltration of granulocytes. These suggested the endotoxin injection induced activation of granulocytes recruited from peripheral blood to cause oxidant reaction in lung tissues, which finally produced acute lung injury.

Animals↗