Spontaneous infections of tick-borne blood parasites in splenectomized indigenous sheep and goats in Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
O O Dipeolu
Publications and source records attributed to O O Dipeolu.
The response of captive rodents to the migration of Ancylostoma caninum larvae.
The distribution of the larvae of Ancylostoma caninum in tissues of captive wild rodents (Rattus rattus) and the leucocytic and behavioural responses of these rodents were studied after experimental oral infection. There was a wide distribution of larvae in tissues with a preponderance of the larvae in the skeletal muscles of the anterior part of the body in older infection. The rats responded by an elevation of total leucocytes and eosinophils in blood, alternation of locomotory activity and behavioural dominance that may have a correlation with predation and epidemiology of A. caninum in a sylvatic setting.
Ancylostoma↗
The developmental viability and sizes of sequentially oviposited eggs of Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus geigyi.
The viability and sizes of eggs sequentially laid up to the 10th day of oviposition by engorged Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus geigyi were studied. The average length and breadth of eggs laid on the 1st and 2nd days of oviposition were statistically greater than at subsequent ovipositions. The eclosion periods of eggs laid from 7th to 10th day of oviposition were shorter than those of eggs laid earlier by both Boophilus species. The percentage mortality of eggs of 9th and 10th day of oviposition was significantly higher than that of the earlier ovipositions. The numbers of larvae which engorged on rabbits after hatching from eggs of 7th-10th day ovipositions were significantly fewer than those which hatched from eggs of earlier ovipositions. It is concluded that eggs of early ovipositions of B. decoloratus and B. geigyi are more viable and survive longer than those of later ovipositions. It is also suggested that the shorter eclosion period of the eggs of later ovipositions is due to the process of embryogenesis which is gradual in the eggs of early ovipositions and faster in those of later ovipositions.
Animals↗
Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria. XII. Oviposition and eclosion in five species of ixodid ticks in contrasting habitats.
The preoviposition and oviposition periods, the eclosion periods and numbers of eggs laid by adult ticks of five species, namely Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, B. geigyi, Hyalomma rufipes and H. truncatum, maintained in a natural habitat were compared with those maintained in semi-natural and artificial habitats. Within the natural habitats, "open" and "shady" sites were distinguished. Maximum oviposition occurred during the peak of the rains in engorged A. variegatum and B. decoloratus, and the numbers of eggs laid by those kept in the natural and semi-natural habitats were significantly lower in the dry season than in the rainy season. Maximum oviposition in engorged H. rufipes kept in the natural habitat occurred during the early rains while minimum oviposition took place during the peak of the rains. Oviposition in engorged H. truncatum was poor among those kept in the natural habitat during the peak and end of the rains. Engorged A. variegatum and B. decoloratus kept in shady sites of the natural habitat laid significantly more eggs than in all other habitats at all seasons, while for H. truncatum and H. rufipes, numbers of eggs laid in the open site were significantly higher than those laid in other habitats at all seasons. In all species investigated, success in oviposition was aided by moisture provided by light to moderate rainfall, while excessive moisture in terms of heavy rainfall adversely affected oviposition.
Animals↗
The effects of temperature, relative humidity and host factors on the attachment and survival of Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus geigyi larvae to skin slices.
Attachment and survival of Boophilus decoloratus and B. geigyi larvae were examined using skin slices from cattle, sheep and goats. Results indicate that B. decoloratus has a wider range of temperature (24-40 degrees C) at which more than 50% of larvae would attach to bovine skin, while B. geigyi has a narrower range (24-30 degrees C). The larvae of both species had two peaks of attachment--the 4th and 20th hour, the value for the second peak being greater than the first. The influence of humidity on larval attachment was only apparent where the temperature was high, and in such cases more than 70% of B. decoloratus larvae attached, while less than 20% of B. geigyi larvae attached by the 20th hour. Less than 50% of larval attachment was recorded on both sheep and goats. The results are related to the geographical distribution of both species in Nigeria, and to the problems of tick water balance, stimuli for tick attachment and host specificity.
Animals↗
Development of ixodid ticks under natural conditions in Nigeria.
The developmental periods of five tick species were recorded from egg to adult stages under natural conditions. The ticks were Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, B. geigyi, Hyalomma rufipes and H. truncatum and the natural condition was a grazing field on which "open" site and "shade" were recognised. The investigation took place between April 1980 and March 1981. The hatching patterns of larvae, attachment, engorgement, larvo-nymphal and nympho-adult moulting periods and the survival of larvae and nymphs during different climatic periods of the year were recorded. While the attachment and engorgement periods which were recorded on the animal were relatively constant for each tick species throughout the period of investigation the hatching patterns and moulting periods were influenced by rainfall and temperature. The moulting periods of larvae and nymphs kept in the open as well as the total duration of the life cycle were lower than those of ticks kept in the shade. The survival of larvae and nymphs of all tick species was lowest during the peak of rains and highest during the dry season; the survival was also generally higher among larvae and nymphs kept in the shade than those kept in the open. The results were related to the distribution pattern and seasonal occurrence of some of the tick species in Nigeria.
Animals↗
The presence of kinetes of a Babesia species in the haemolymph smears of engorged Hyalomma ticks in Nigeria.
Kinetes of a Babesia species were found in the haemolymph smears of 5 species of Hyadomma which were detached from trade cattle after engorgement. Hyalomma rufipes had the highest percentage of infection; while this infection rate was significantly higher than those of H. trupcatum and H. impressum, it was statistically similar to those of H. marginatum and H. impeltatum. Studies on the morphology and dimensions of the kinetes show that they are larger than those of B. bigemina, smaller than those of B. major and B. bovis, but similar to those of B. occultans.
Animals↗
Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria. XI. Observations on the biology of ticks detached from the red-flanked duiker (Cephamophys rufulatus) and parasites encountered in their blood.
Some aspects of the biology of Amblyomma variegatum and Boophilus decorolatus detached from red-flanked duikers were studied. Smears were also made from the blood of the duikers and examined for the presence of parasites. Anaplasma marginale was the only blood parasite found in the blood smears. Compared with ticks detached from cattle, duiker ticks produced a greater number of eggs. The lengths and breadths of eggs produced by duiker ticks were greater than those of cattle ticks and unlike A. variegatum detached from cattle, the lengths and breadths of eggs of earlier and later ovipositions of this species detached from duiker were similar. Whereas deformed eggs characterised by circular shape and small size constituted a small percentage of eggs of cattle ticks, none was found among eggs of duiker ticks. The pre oviposition, oviposition and eclosion periods, microscopic egg structure, embryonic development, hatching patterns and mortality rates of the eggs of ticks from both hosts were similar.
Anaplasma↗
Comparison of blood smear and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques in detection of haemoparasite infections in trade cattle in Nigeria.
The incidence of blood parasites in trade cattle was surveyed with emphasis on tick-borne parasites, using blood smears and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques. With the blood smear method, about 9 and 8.9% of cattle examined were found positive for Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Percentage infections with other parasites were 3.33, 1.92, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.58, respectively, for Babesia bovis, Trypanosoma brucei, Anaplasma centrale, Eperythrozoon and Theileria species as well as Trypanosoma congolense. The incidence of A. marginale infection was at its peak during the rainy season while B. bigemina was most prevalent during the dry season. There were mixed infections of Anaplasma and Babesia (1.42%); Babesia and trypanosomes (1.00%); Babesia and Eperythrozoon (0.75%) and Babesia and Theileria (0.75%). Using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, 93, 55 and 68% of cattle sera examined were found to be positive for B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale, respectively. Forty-nine percent of the positive sera of B. bigemina had highest titres. The importance of using serological means for determining the endemic levels of tick-borne diseases in cattle in Nigeria is discussed.
Anaplasmosis↗
A survey of gastrointestinal parasites in a local government area of south-west Nigeria.
In the course of a survey of gastro-intestinal parasites among humans in Iwo Local Government area in South-Western Nigeria, eggs of helminths found were those of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Trichuria trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis while protozoan cysts encountered were those of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli. About 51% of the 283 faecal samples were positive for parasitic ova or cysts and 24% possessed mixed infection. Incidence of Ascaris was highest followed by Trichuris and Necator. Peak of Ascaris infection was among the 1-10 years age group while that of hookworm and Trichuris was in the 11-20 years age-group. Sixteen (16) combination of mixed infections were found of which that of hookworm and Trichuris was the commonest. Incidence of polyparasitism increases with age until it reached a peak in the 21-40 years age-group.
Adolescent↗
The prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites and bacteria in the game scouts at the Kainji Lake National Park of Nigeria.
The faeces of twenty scouts working at Borgu games were examined for the presence of parasites and bacteria. Cysts of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas hominis were found. Helminth ova encountered included those of Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Stronglyloides stercoralis and Trichuris trichiura. Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri were isolated from one faecal sample each. In all, parasites were found in the faeces of only 9 scouts. The epidemiological significance of the infections in highlighted.
Animals↗
An epidemiological survey of human sera for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in two states of Nigeria.
Sero-epidemiological survey of 34 blind people, 26 abattoir workers and 117 others to detect antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was conducted. Only 15% of the blind people had positive levels of agglutinins in their sera. 42% of the abattoir workers and 25% of other donors were also serologically positive. While Toxoplasmosis is zoonotic, it does not seem that the disease was responsible for the blindness among the group that we have studied.
Abattoirs↗
Prevalence of trichinosis in pigs in Oyo State of Nigeria.
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Animals↗
Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria XVII. Resistance of rabbits to infestation with Amblyomma variegatum and Boophilus decoloratus (Acari: Ixodidae).
Rabbits exposed to larvae, nymphs and adults of Amblyomma variegatum acquired resistance to the infestation with adults of this tick. The degree of acquired resistance was lowest in the rabbits exposed once previously to larvae and highest in those exposed twice previously to adults. Rabbits also acquired resistance after primary infestation with Boophilus decoloratus; their resistance became very high during the thrice-repeated feeding. New terms are introduced for the quantification of the degree of resistance of animals to tick infestation. Rabbits were protected against infestation with B. decoloratus by intravenous injection of serum from the rabbits on which the ticks had fed three times. The relevance of the results to integrated tick control strategies is discussed.
Animals↗
Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria. XVI. The oviposition pattern of engorged Boophilus and Hyalomma species when subjected in the laboratory to artificially created factors.
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Animals↗
The numbers and varieties of bacteria carried by filth flies in sanitary and unsanitary city area.
Filth flies caught with nets in various localities of varying sanitary conditions in Ibadan city were predominantly Musca domestica and a few Fannia cannicularis. Seven genera of bacteria, some of which were pathogenic to humans, were isolated from the legs, wings, mouthparts and midguts of the flies. Flies were very abundant in areas where unsanitary conditions prevailed and scarce where sanitary conditions were enforced. The total number of bacteria isolated from flies caught in the market places was higher than those isolated from flies caught in any other locality; low numbers of bacteria were isolated from flies caught in areas where hygienic conditions prevailed. Bacillus spp. were the most numerous of the bacteria isolated. The greatest numbers of bacteria were found on the legs. From the house-flies caught on dairy animals were isolated a high number of Escherichia coli. The public health significance of these findings is discussed.
Animals↗
A survey of helminth parasites of game animals in Kainji Lake National Park of Nigeria.
Between January and April 1983, the Borgu sector of the Kainji Lake National Park was visited and faecal droppings of several game animals belonging to the groups of Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Proboscidae and Primates were collected and processed for the presence of helminth ova and larvae. Faeces were also collected from the rectum of domestic ruminants which had grazed on the periphery of the park. Post mortem examinations were conducted on a baboon and an adult Monitor Lizard. Most of the game animals possessed multiple helminth infection but the egg-counts were generally low. Larvae of Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus were common to wild and domestic ruminants while larvae of hook- and lungworms were mostly restricted to carnivores and primates. Some of the helminths found in the stomach and intestine of baboon during post-mortem were of public health interest.
Animals↗
Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria. VIII. Differences observed in the biology of ticks which fed on different domestic animal hosts.
Ticks of the species Amblyomma variegatum (Fabr.), Boophilus decoloratus (Koch), Boophilus geigyi Aeschl. et Morel, and Hyalomma rufipes Koch were detached from cattle, sheep and horses and the influence of these various hosts on the biology of ticks was investigated. No A. variegatum was found in horses. The parameters studied were preoviposition and oviposition periods, ovipositional capacity, eclosion period, hatching patterns, egg sizes and temperature effect. Although the preoviposition and eclosion periods were similar in each tick species irrespective of the host from which the adults were detached, the oviposition period was longest among ticks detached from cattle and least among those detached from horses. The ticks engorged on cattle also laid the highest number of eggs and those which engorged on horses laid the least number. The hatching pattern of the eggs in any tick species was not influenced by the host from which the female was detached. The lengths of eggs of the ticks whose adults were detached from horses were generally smaller than those detached from cattle and sheep. Temperature affected the adult females detached from cattle, sheep and horses equally and this was also true of the larvae they produced. The practical field applications of these results are discussed.
Animals↗