Lung carcinosarcoma in a dog: gross and microscopic examination.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
O Román
Publications and source records attributed to O Román.
[Risk factors for morbidity and mortality in patients with essential hypertension, followed for 25 years].
BACKGROUND: Among hypertensive patients, other risk factors for mortality and morbidity, besides blood pressure, must be considered when therapeutic decisions are done. AIM: To assess the incidence and relevance of cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of patients with essential hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 1,072 treated patients with essential hypertension was followed for a period up to 25 years. Four hundred eighty six were men and 586 were women, age ranged from 31 to 70 years. At entry, 56% of subjects did not have any organic complications associated to hypertension (stage I WHO criteria), 30% had mild alterations (Stage II) and 14% had major complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure or renal failure). Likewise, 43.8% had mild, 14.5%, moderate and 41.7%, severe hypertension. Patients were treated with monotherapy or combined therapy based on diuretics, beta blockers, calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Goal of therapy was 140/90 mm Hg. Risk factors associated diseases and complications were registered carefully. Causes of death were obtained from hospital records and death certificates. Mortality was analyzed using life tables (intention to treat method included). RESULTS: Blood pressure dropped significantly during follow up from a mean of 182/110 to 154/92 mm Hg. During follow up, 143 patients died and 429 complications (lethal or non lethal) were recorded. Twenty four percent of patients smoked, 24% reported alcohol intake, 56% had hypercholesterolemia, 11% were obese, 13% had diabetes and 3% had gout. The proportional hazard model showed that the existence of previous complications, the presence of more than 3 risk factors, and age over 60 and mean systolic and diastolic pressure during therapy, were independent and significant risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of risk factors among our hypertensive patients is very similar to that of other national or international cohorts.
Adult↗
[Safety and efficacy of celiprolol in hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease].
BACKGROUND: Third generation beta blockers have an intrinsic simpatico-mimetic activity and are cardioselective. Therefore, they should not have adverse bronchial effects and could even have a slight bronchodilator activity. AIM: To test the efficacy and safety of celiprolol in hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Uncomplicated hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease received celiprolol during 12 weeks. They were subjected to monthly clinical assessment and ventilatory function was measured on the basal period and at the end of the trial. RESULTS: During the study period, blood pressure fell significantly from 179 +/- 6/112 +/- 8 to 161 +/- 4.7/98 +/- 1.6 mmHg. No changes were observed in forced expiratory volume in 1 s or in forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the vital capacity. No subjective changes in respiratory function were reported during the trial. CONCLUSIONS: No changes in ventilatory function were observed in these patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, treated with celiprolol during 12 weeks.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
[Comparative effects of policosanol and two HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on type II hypercholesterolemia].
BACKGROUND: Policosanol is a new cholesterol lowering agent derived from sugar cane. AIM: To compare the cholesterol lowering efficacy of policosanol with HMG CoA inhibitors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with a LDL cholesterol over 160 mg/dl were studied. If, after 6 weeks of diet, cholesterol persisted elevated, they were doubly blind randomized to receive policosanol 10 mg/day (55 patients), lovastatin 20 mg/day (26 patients) or simvastatin 10 mg/day (25 patients). Serum cholesterol was measured again after 8 weeks of therapy. RESULTS: Initial demographic and laboratory data were similar among treatment groups. A 24% LDL cholesterol reduction was obtained with policosanol, compared with a 22% reduction with lovastatin and a 15% reduction with simvastatin. HDL cholesterol significantly increased in patients on policosanol and did not change in the other treatment groups. Adverse effects of policosanol were mild and unspecific. No changes in hepatic enzymes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Policosanol is a safe and effective cholesterol reducing agent.
Adult↗
[Advances in the treatment of hypertension].
This review describes the most recent advances in the treatment of essential hypertension, from non pharmacological measures and changes in lifestyles to new blood pressure lowering drugs. A blood pressure lower tha 130/80 mmHg, has been established as the new goal for optimal treatment. In the last two consensus a new range of blood pressure, denominated "high normal" (130-139/85-89 mm Hg) has been incorporated. People with other cardiovascular risk factors and a blood pressure within this range, should be treated. The HOT study recently demonstrated that a reduction to less than 90 mmHg of diastolic pressure is associated with a reduction on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The importance of the peak/valley relationship in the election of anti hypertensive medication is also reviewed.
Antihypertensive Agents↗
[Mineralocorticoid hypertension. A new form of secondary hypertension?].
There is a group of genetic alterations that are phenotypically related to mineralocorticoid hypertension. They include, among others, some forms of primary hyperaldosteronism and of hyporeninemic aldosteronism that can be specifically treated, thus becoming secondary forms of hypertension. These could account for 10 to 15% of cases of essential hypertension, but more studies are required to accept these figures. The screening for these forms of hypertension should be done measuring aldosterone levels and plasma renin activity. An aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio over 25 should lead to the suspicion of the disease. However, the cost effectiveness of the widespread measurement of these parameters would be very low. Therefore it is mandatory to determine the epidemiological features of these diseases to perform a selective screening among subjects with essential hypertension.
Aldosterone↗
[Recommendations for the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Consensus document of the Chilean Hypertension Society].
Continuous ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is a diagnostic technique devised as a consequence of the great variations in blood pressure measurements. It allows multiple daily measurements, nocturnal monitoring, avoids the stress of blood pressure measurements, gives a picture of pressure behavior during 24 hours and reduces observer related errors. The equipment used must be accurate and validated using international protocols. Accepted indications for continuous ambulatory blood pressure monitoring are white coat hypertension, episodic hypertension, resistance to medications and assessment of symptoms or autonomic dysfunction. Other indications with less clear cut usefulness, are high risk cardiac, renal or pregnant patients and an accurate blood pressure control. We describe equipment calibration, elements that must be considered in the reports, result interpretation and conclusions. Normal blood pressure ranges for children and pregnant women are also reported.
Age Factors↗
[New multicentric studies in hypertension].
Prospective, randomized and long term multicentric studies, published since 1988, on the effects of pharmacological or non pharmacological treatment of hypertension are analyzed. Former studies, performed between 1967 and 1987, are devoted, in chronological order, to special populations or to forms of hypertension not sufficiently studied previously (elders and isolated systolic hypertension), using classical pharmacological treatments such as diuretics and beta blockers. Their results confirm the reduction in mortality obtained using such therapies. Ensuing studies, focused on the analysis of new drugs such as calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, also demonstrated a reduction in cardiovascular risk, even in severely damaged populations. Thereafter, meta analysis of new pharmacological treatments and of non pharmacological therapies such as sodium restriction, weight reduction, avoidance of alcohol intake, calcium and potassium supplementation have appeared. These studies have emphasized the importance of prevention through changes in lifestyles. Their positive, although modest results, encourage the assessment of long term preventive and therapeutic measures in hypertension.
Antihypertensive Agents↗
[Influence of risk factors and pharmacological treatment on mortality in patients with essential hypertension].
BACKGROUND: The V JNC consensus stated that although new antihypertensive agents, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers, are considered safer drugs, there is no firm evidence from large controlled trials that these drugs are associated with a lower cardiovascular mortality. AIM: To study the association between cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure levels, pharmacological treatment and mortality in a group of hypertensive patients followed at an hypertension outpatient clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with essential hypertension were treated with different antihypertensive medications, according to physicians criteria, and controlled until death or loss from follow up. Causes of death were obtained from hospital records and death certificates. Survival was analyzed using life tables, comparisons between groups of patients were done using chi square or a Cox's proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-nine hypertensive patients aged 33 to 80 years old were followed for a mean period of 9.8 +/- 4.9 years. Eighty-six were treated with beta blockers, 64 with diuretics, 133 with calcium antagonists and 56 with ACE inhibitors. Blood pressure dropped similarly with all medications. During follow up, 79 patients died. Life table analysis showed that patients with a history of angina, diabetes or myocardial infarction had higher mortality rates. Similarly, patients treated with beta blockers and diuretics had higher mortality than patients treated with calcium antagonists or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The proportional hazards model showed that the effect of treatment modality persisted after correction for the other risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In this series of hypertensive patients, those treated with beta blockers or diuretics had higher mortality rates than those receiving calcium channel antagonists or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
[Clinical effectiveness of and tolerance to ramipril in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension phase 1 and 2. Results of a multicenter study].
BACKGROUND: In the last two decades, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have become first line medications in the treatment of hypertension. AIM: To assess the tolerance and effectiveness of ramipril as monotherapy in the treatment of essential hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred eighty eight hypertensive patients, aged 21 to 80 years-old, coming from 4 Chilean hospitals were studied. Using an open non controlled design; they were treated with placebo for two weeks and with the active drug during eight weeks, in initial doses of 2.5 mg/day that were adjusted to 5 mg/day if diastolic blood pressure did not drop below 90 mm Hg or if its reduction was less than 10 mm Hg. RESULTS: During the active drug treatment period, systolic blood pressure decreased from 164.8 +/- 7.2 to 147.3 +/- 4.8 mm Hg. Diastolic blood pressure dropped from 102.3 +/- 3.1 to 87.8 +/- 3.0 mm Hg. Seventy percent of patients achieved a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg, 56.9% with 2.5 mg/day and 13.8% with 5 mg/day. Dizziness, cough and headache were the main adverse reactions, observed in 3.7, 3.2 and 2.1% of patients respectively. Adherence to treatment was 98%. There were no changes in laboratory values during the treatment period. CONCLUSIONS: Ramipril is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of essential hypertension.
Adult↗
[Blood insulin in fasting conditions as a simple marker of insulin resistance in hypertensive patients].
Insulin resistance is associated to hypertension, obesity and diabetes and may be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. The exact assessment of insulin resistance requires complex metabolic studies. However, there is a good correlation between this parameter and fasting serum insulin levels. The aim of this work was to study fasting serum insulin levels by radio immuno analysis in 43 hypertensive patients aged 56 +/- 5.5 years old (27 male, 17 obese and 8 diabetics) and 20 normotensive controls aged 50 +/- 4.8 years old (13 male). Insulin levels were 3.8 UI/L in controls, 12.1 UI/L in normal weight, 15.5 UI/L in obese and 18.3 UI/L in diabetic hypertensives (ANOVA p < 0.001). These levels were above two standard deviations of control values in 50% of normal weight, 66% of obese and 62% of diabetic hypertensives. It is concluded that normal weight, obese and diabetic hypertensive subjects have high fasting insulin levels.
Adult↗
[How far should blood pressure be lowered in essential hypertension to optimize the results?].
Early studies of the seventies and eighties showed an inverse relationship between blood pressure reduction and incidence of complications and death. Afterwards, in the late eighties, some authors showed that reductions of diastolic blood pressure beyond 85 or 90 mm Hg increased coronary heart disease mortality (J shaped curve). Meta-analyses and recent epidemiological studies have shown that cardiovascular morbidity decreases along with reductions in diastolic blood pressure, if it is kept within normal limits (70-89 mm Hg). Cardiovascular mortality decreases significantly with blood pressure reductions of 7 to 8 mmHg. Some authors have suggested that diastolic blood pressure should be reduced to 85 mmHg or less in individuals with several cardiovascular risk factors, to obtain a better risk reduction. This hypothesis waits for confirmation from follow-up studies.
Blood Pressure↗
[Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential arterial hypertension].
The classic concept of a direct pathogenic relationship between high blood pressure and development of left ventricular hypertrophy has been challenged by observations such as the modest correlations between blood pressure and magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy, its frequent reversal with some antihypertensive medications and its experimental prevention with low doses of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that do not modify blood pressure. This evidence has prompted the revision of mechanisms or factors involved in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. The roles of sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin systems, genetic and endothelial factors, are reviewed in this article. It is concluded that blood pressure is not the sole responsible for left ventricular hypertrophy, but an epiphenomenon of one or more local or tissular mechanisms, primary or unchained by an unknown genetic factor.
Animals↗
[Treatment of mild hypertension with captopril and captopril with hydrochlorothiazide. Impact on blood pressure values and quality of life].
The effects of captopril alone or associated to hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and quality of life was studied in 244 hypertensive subjects. After a medication wash out period of 30 days (and 7 additional days when diuretics were used) patients were treated initially with captopril 25 mg b.i.d. (scheme A); if blood pressure was not normalized, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg o.d. was added (scheme B) and the dose of captopril was increased to 50 mg bid (scheme C) in a stepwise fashion. Sixteen patients (6.6%) were lost from follow up; in the rest a significant reduction of blood pressure was obtained at the end of the treatment period (from 163/98.9 +/- 19.7/3.1 to 143/85 +/- 12.7/6.7 p < 0.05), without changes in cardiac frequency. Using captopril alone, blood pressure was normalized at 15 and 75 days in 62.9 and 70.6% of patients respectively. With captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide blood pressure was normalized in 80.9% of patients. Quality of life improved significantly from of 42.8 +/- 1.7 to 50.7 +/- 15 score points (p < 0.05) secondary effects were observed in 7.4% of patients. It is concluded that captopril alone or associated to hydrochlorothiazide is effective in the treatment of mild hypertension, produces few secondary effects and improves the quality of life.
Adult↗
[Celiprolol in the treatment of chronic stable angina].
Celiprolol is a third generation beta blocking drug with intrinsic vasodilator effect. We evaluated the effect of this drug at a fixed dose of 400 mg daily in 20 patients with coronary artery disease and stable angina having 2 to 40 episodes of pain a week. All patients had positive exercise stress test with greater than 1 mm ST depression. Compared to the 1 month baseline placebo phase, patients after 3 months of treatment with celiprolol had less episodes of angina (2.4 vs 7.2 a week, p less than 0.001), higher angina threshold (667 vs 337 sec, p less than 0.025), higher ischemia threshold (614 vs 401 sec, p less than 0.001) and were able to perform more work (3937 vs 2403 kgm/min. p less than 0.01). 9 patients had no pain during exercise. A decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and double product was evident in the stress tests of the active phase. Adverse effects included headache (4 patients), sweating (1) and fatigue (1) not requiring modification of drug dose. No adverse effects were seen in 13 patients. Thus, celiprolol is effective to decrease angina during daily life and increase exercise tolerance in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
[Pharmacology of adrenergic beta receptor blockaders].
Betablockers may be classified according to their cardio selectivity, intrinsic sympathomimetic action and direct vasodilating action. All beta blockers reduce renin plasma levels, the effect being inversely proportional to the intrinsic sympathomimetic property. The hypotensive effect is related more to vasodilation than to a decrease in cardiac output. The hypotensive action is mediated by presynaptic beta receptors which normally stimulate noradrenaline secretion by nerve endings. Adverse effects, interaction with other drugs, and effects on risk factors of beta blockers are also reviewed.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
[The echocardiographic evolution of left ventricular hypertrophy in treated hypertensive patients. A long-term follow-up].
In order to study the possible regressive changes of left ventricular hypertrophy in treated hypertensive patients and to correlate them either with the drugs they received and/or the blood pressure reduction obtained, a long-term (6 years) echocardiographic follow-up study was performed in 61 patients. B and M mode echocardiographic septum and posterior wall thickness and left ventricular mass index were measured yearly and the type of ventricular hypertrophy, asymmetric septal or concentric (symmetric), were compared before and after the follow-up. Sixteen patients received only diuretics; 14, only propranolol, and associated therapy was used in the remaining 31 patients. Average blood pressure was significantly reduced in the whole group of patients, but, individually, 30 of them achieved normal levels for the diastolic (90 mmHg), remaining it over this value in the other, although all of them experienced an average reduction 10 mmHg with therapy. Those patients with concentric hypertrophy at entry showed a significant septal, posterior wall thickness and total ventricular mass reduction during the follow-up, those with initial asymmetric septal hypertrophy, a significant septal thickness and ventricular mass reduction, and those without hypertrophy on admission, showed an average paradoxical increase in septal thickness. We conclude that left ventricular hypertrophy disappeared or decreased in 48% of the patients and that treatment seems to prevent its progression or development in the 43% of all patients. The regressive or favorable changes were significantly more frequent among patients with normal blood pressure after treatment as well as among patients treated only with propranolol in comparison to those treated only with diuretics.
Antihypertensive Agents↗
[The treatment of chronic stable angina with isradipine. A cooperative Latin American study].
In order to study the efficacy and tolerance of isradipine, a new Ca++ antagonist for the treatment of stable chronic angina, a multicentric cooperative study was carried out in eight Latin American countries (Argentine, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela), which included 169 patients (60% men and 40% women), average age 62.6 +/- 9.7. Patients with more than 4 biweekly anginal crisis were accepted, with one or more of the following inclusion criteria: coronariographic evidence of obstruction greater than 60% in one or more vessels, IAM history, positive scintigraphy and positive effort test. The trial was single-blind, with placebo during the admission phase (2 weeks) and active treatment for 12 weeks. isradipine was administered in increasing doses of 2.5, 5, and 7 mg thrice a day, according to the presence or absence of anginal crisis. It was observed that the average frequency of weekly pains decreased from 8.2 +/- 7 under placebo to 6.3 +/- 7.5 under isradipine at low doses, and to 2.0 +/- 2.0 (p less than 0.001) under maximum doses. TNT intake decreased parallel also in a significant way. At the end of the trial, 37% of patients had become asymptomatic, and angina had reduced to less than two crisis a week in 33%. A clear relation doses-effect was observed. There was no alteration in laboratory exams neither in ECG. Seven patients had complications derived from the evolutional course of disease (2 IAM, 5 unstable angina and one sudden death). Adverse events were relatively frequent and the majority derived from vasodilator effect (tibial oedema 37%, flushing 17%, headache 23%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗