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Biomedical subjects

O T Osman

Publications and source records attributed to O T Osman.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Dose-dependent effects of intravenous alprazolam on neuroendocrine, biochemical, cardiovascular, and behavioral parameters in humans.

Neuroendocrine, biochemical, cardiovascular, and behavioral parameters were assessed in seven normal volunteers for 2 h after intravenous administration of alprazolam (APZ). Three doses of APZ (0.003, 0.007, and 0.02 mg/kg) were administered to each subject in a random order with at least 4 days between infusions. Plasma growth hormone and sedation increased in a dose dependent manner after APZ, and there was a dose dependent change in the shape of the cortisol response to APZ. No dose-response relationships were evident for plasma ACTH and norepinephrine. These differences in dose-response relationships may reflect the involvement of multiple systems in controlling neuroendocrine, biochemical, and subjective responses to APZ infusion. The optimal dose of APZ needed to produce a neuroendocrine or behavioral change appears to differ depending on the parameter of interest.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Self-injurious behavior in the developmentally disabled: assessment techniques.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a major cause of difficulty for the developmentally disabled person. Causes are varied, but medical, neurological, and psychiatric disorders should be considered before nonspecific approaches to treatment are chosen. A careful assessment should include a thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation as well as laboratory and diagnostic studies. Various assessment instruments are available to aid in the evaluation process and, to some extent, in the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment for SIB.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Self-injurious behavior in the developmentally disabled: pharmacologic treatment.

The current status of pharmacological treatments of self-injurious behavior (SIB) and aggression in persons with mental retardation and autism was reviewed in the literature. Much of the existing literature is derived from anecdotal clinical experience, with a relative lack of well-controlled studies to determine the efficacy of different treatments. Although all psychotropics have been used to manage SIB and aggression, particularly promising are the data on the use of opioid antagonists like naltrexone. Beta-blockers may also have some role, but more controlled, systematic studies are needed. Use of neuroleptics is on the decline because of their adverse effects, such as tardive dyskinesia and possible impairment of cognitive functions. We assert that the behavioral problems of SIB and aggression are at times manifestations of different psychiatric syndromes. They present in a modified, atypical form in the developmentally disabled population because of cognitive limitations. Further understanding and classification of the psychopathology associated with this behavior is essential for its successful treatment.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal axis and monoamine transmitter activity in depression: a pilot study of central and peripheral effects of electroconvulsive therapy.

Central and peripheral measures of hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal (HPA) axis and monoamine neurotransmitter activity were assessed in 8 depressed patients during a medication-free period and again after completion of a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Seven patients responded fully to ECT. At baseline there was corresponding activation of the HPA and noradrenergic systems, with apparent elevation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in some patients. Neither CRH nor adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in CSF changed significantly after ECT, with a mean 10% decline in CSF CRH. Urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion was high both before and after treatment. Although peripheral noradrenergic hyperreactivity at baseline appeared to normalize with ECT, CSF concentrations of the principal norepinephrine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-glycol (MHPG) were unaffected and remained correlated with CSF CRH. In contrast, there were increases in the CSF levels of the main metabolite of serotonin in half the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pharmacokinetic and dynamic correlates of intravenous alprazolam challenge.

The concentration-effect relationship of alprazolam plasma concentration and growth hormone changes was studied in six healthy volunteers by use of three different intravenous bolus doses of alprazolam (0.003, 0.007, and 0.02 mg/kg) in a random blind order. There was a linear increase in peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of alprazolam with increasing dose (r = 0.96). There was no significant correlation between alprazolam Cmax and effect on growth hormone measured as either maximum increase or maximum percentage change from baseline. There was, however, an overall positive correlation (r = 0.58) between the AUC values of alprazolam and growth hormone from 0 to 120 minutes, although the relative degree of increased AUC of growth hormone with increasing AUC of alprazolam varied greatly across individuals. The difficulties of interpreting the mechanisms underlying differential growth hormone responses even when concentration of stimulus is controlled are discussed.

Alprazolam↗