PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

O V Zaĭrat'iants

Publications and source records attributed to O V Zaĭrat'iants.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Analysis of lethal outcomes of rheumatic diseases in Moscow].

AIM: To study the pattern of lethal outcomes due to rheumatic diseases (RD) in Moscow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Annual reports of 38 pathological departments of Moscow have been analysed for 1999 and 2000. RESULTS: RD accounted for 1.8% diagnosis at autopsies (n = 784). RD as the main diagnosis was in 668 cases (1.53%). Diseases of the bone-muscle system caused death 3.5 times less often than rheumatism. As concommitent diseases RD were encountered in 118 cases (0.27%), diseases of the bone-muscle system were registered 2 times less frequently than rheumatism. Chronic rheumatic diseases of the heart were diagnosed in 590 cases (98.5%), rheumatic fever was detected in 9 (1.5%) patients. The main diagnosis of RA, seronegative arthritides, systemic vasculitides, SLE, osteoarthrosis was made in 49, 10 9.3, 12.7, 1.3%, respectively. Such nosological entities as osteoporosis, gout and other microcrystalline arthritides were referred to the group "other rheumatic diseases" and made up 12.7%. As concomitant pathology RA, OA, seronegative spondyloarthritides, SLE, other RD occurred in 54, 8.1, 27, 2.7, 2.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The share of RD in autopsy diagnosis accounts for 1.8% of the total number of necropsies. These figures seem to underestimate the real situation and may be explained by poor registration of RD at autopsy and a fall in the total number of autopsies for the last 10 years. For Moscow and Russia as a whole there is a prevalence of rheumatism mortality (76%), primarily deaths of chronic rheumatic cardiac diseases, over mortality due to diseases of the bone-muscular system (24%).

Autopsy↗
PubMed1998

[Thymomas with a myasthenic syndrome].

2560 patients with generalized myasthenia (Gm) were operated during 1960-1996. Tumors of the thymus (TT) which are the most often neoplastic masses of anterior mediastinum were revealed in 312 patients. Among them organ-specific tumors (thymomas, cancers) were detected in 252 patients (95.8%). Comparative analysis of effectiveness of a number of special methods of diagnostics of TT showed that CT and magnetic resonance tomography are the most sensitive and specific methods. Thymoma-thymectomy was carried out in 247 patients, among them in 93 (37.7%)--extended one. Postoperative lethality made up 5.1%, last years (1990-1996) there were no fatal outcomes. Among early postoperative complications wound infection was observed in 2.5% of patients, pneumonia--in 1.3%, myasthenic crisis--in 1.6%. Basing on histogenetic classification, following kinds of thymomas were singled out: in 58.9% cortical ("light cellular"), in 2.2%--medullar ("dark cellular") and in 38.9%--mixed cellular thymomas. Long-term results of thymectomy in patients with Gm in various kinds of thymomas were different: at the 5th year of follow-up they are worse in cortical cellular types and much better in medullar--cellular and mixed cellular thymomas with prevalence of medullar component.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Autoimmune thyroiditis: pathogenesis, morphogenesis and classification].

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) are a heterogenous group of organ specific autoimmune diseases (AID) of the thyroid. Their pathogenesis is associated with predisposing, initiating and promoting factors. Morphogenesis is based on the hypersensitivity reaction of the immediate and delayed types with the development of acute or chronic immune inflammation in combination with atrophic and hyperplastic alterations of the parenchyma (reaction of neutralization and inactivation). AT can be subdivided into primary ones (Hashimoto's thyroiditis, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, chronic atrophic thyroiditis) and the secondary ones which are the manifestation of the organ-specific AID.

Atrophy↗
PubMed1993

[Exocrine function of the pancreas in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis of various etiologies].

Exocrinous performance of the pancreatic gland under secretin-pancreozymin stimulation was studied in 76 patients with chronic diffuse diseases of the liver who were distinguished into 6 groups: those who suffered from chronic persistent hepatitis of viral and alcohol origin, chronic active hepatitis of viral origin, cirrhosis of the liver of viral and alcohol origin, primary biliary hepatocirrhosis. The results obtained were correlated with those from 11 normal persons (controls). Out of 76 examinees the disorders of exocrinous performance of the pancreatic gland were revealed in 75 persons. The most characteristic features were: a decrease in the basal and an increase in the stimulated volume of the pancreatic juice; a reduction of both basal and stimulated production of bicarbonates; a decrease in the trypsin and amylase fasting levels and their increment in the stimulated juice of the pancreatic gland. Disorder in the production of bicarbonates was stated as a most characteristic feature in the patients both with viral and alcohol origin of the disease but it was mostly manifest in the patients with hepatocirrhosis. Pronounced elevation of the activity of amylase and trypsin in the pancreatic juice was observed in patients with very high activity of disease development and in the patients who continuously used large amounts of alcohol. The authors suspected that alcohol abuse and the effect of hepatitis virus had an equal pathogenic impact on the liver and pancreatic gland.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Autoimmunization and autoimmune diseases].

Autoimmunization is understood as a type of immune reactions to the unchanged autoantigens only. Autoimmune processes can be subdivided into the physiological ("sanitary" and regulatory) and pathological ones. Physiological processes are of importance in supporting natural immunological tolerance while pathological processes develop on the basis of the physiological ones in presence of various defects of suppressive mechanisms of the immune system. Pathological processes are the basis of the autoimmune diseases and diseases with secondary autoimmune disturbances. The distinction between organo-specific and organo-nonspecific autoimmune diseases can be taken as their preliminary tentative classification.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1991

[Congenital hypoplasia of the pancreas with lipomatosis and bone marrow dysfunction (Shwachman syndrome)].

The description is given of Shwachman syndrome in a male of 17, with a long anamnesis of malabsorption syndrome, granulocytopenia, repeated bronchopneumonia, somatogenic subnanism and hypogonadism. The death resulted from acute cardiovascular insufficiency. Post-mortem examination revealed exocrine pancreas hypoplasia with lipomatosis, Wirsung duct atresia, fibrocholangiocytosis and fat hepatosis, visceral anemia, delay in the maturation of granulocytes in the bone marrow, somatogenic polyglandular endocrinopathy, metabolic myocardium necrosis, calcinosis of the small arteries wall, lymphoid tissue atrophy, focal pneumonia of the upper lobe of the left lung.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Heterogeneity and polymorphism of the thymus hyperplasia syndrome in children in the first 3 years of life].

Sixteen years of observation over a large group of children with the syndrome of the enlarged thymus with the use of up-to-date methods of examining the CNS, immune, endocrine, neuroendocrine systems and the autopsy data allowed the heterogeneity and polymorphism of the given syndrome to be revealed. Both transitory and stable enlargement of the thymus may be observed. The syndrome of the stable-enlarged thymus is likely to be formed in the intrauterine period and postnatally as well. It may be associated and not associated with thymus-dependent immunodeficiency. The morphological investigation of the thymus may show an enlargement of the cortical area with enhanced T lymphocyte proliferation in it or formation of lymphoid follicles. In clinical practice, the syndrome of the stable-enlarged thymus should be differentiated with thymic tumor. The working classification of the syndrome and concept of the pathogenesis of the stable-enlarged thymus are offered.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Thymus hyperplasia: classification, problems of patho- and morphogenesis, importance in human pathology].

Thymus hyperplasia may be congenital (thymomegaly) and acquired (acquired thymomegaly, "tumour-like" hyperplasia, lymphofollicular hyperplasia). Congenital thymomegaly is represented by variants with hypo- and hyperfunction of an adequately formed thymus and results from the congenital neuro-endocrine disturbances. Thymomegaly with a thymus hypofunction is a marker of the immunodeficiency. Acquired thymomegaly is also represented by two variants with hypo- and hyper-function of the thymus and is in fact a "phenocopy" of the congenital one. "Tumor-like" thymus hyperplasia is a rare form of its pathology with a thymic weight reaching 800 g thus resulting in a syndrome of the mediastinum organs compression. Lymphofollicular thymus hyperplasia can not be always considered to be a thymus pathology but it is characteristic of autoimmune and infectious-allergic diseases with lymphoid follicles localizing in the hyperplastic intralobular perivascular spaces. Thymus parenchyma changes depend on the main disease and play a main role in the development of thymus dysfunction, for example, in the autoimmune diseases. Formation of lymphoid follicles in the dilated perivascular spaces is a non-specific process.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1991

[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis in childhood].

Thirty-year experience in surgical treatment of myasthenia in children and adolescents (175 patients) is generalized. It provides evidence of delayed recognition of this disease in many patients and of prolonged, often ineffective nonoperative treatment. Operation for thymectomy should be one of the main methods for the management of myasthenia in children. Operative treatment is indicated in a disease of moderate severity or in a severe course of myasthenia, particularly in patients with the first type of immunomorphological changes. It is important to amend the myasthenic disorders before the operation by means of maximally possible doses of anticholinesterases with addition of corticosteroids, whenever necessary. Whatever the method of treatment chosen, the patients must be kept under skilled dynamic control. Excellent and good late-term results were produced in 84.6% of cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Cortical-cell thymomas with predominance of so-called nurse-cells in patients with myasthenia].

30 thymomas in patients with generalized myasthenia studied histologically and immunohistochemically are classified as cortico-cell thymomas (n-15), medullary-cell (n-1), mixed-cell (n-10) and cortical-cell thymomas consisting mainly of thymic "nurse"-cells. Pronounced histological features of thymomas with the predominance of "nurse"-cells allow one to consider them as a special variant of thymic tumours. Production of thymic hormones by tumour cells in combination with the loss of HLA-DR antigen expression may be of importance in the pathogenesis of autoimmunization in patients with myasthenia.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1991

[Autoimmunization: new facts, controversial questions and study prospects].

At present autoimmunization is viewed as a complex of immune responses to unchanged autoantigens, bearing in mind that autoimmune processes can be "physiologic" ("sanitary" and "regulatory") and pathologic, underlying autoimmune diseases and illnesses associated with secondary autoimmune disorders. The "physiologic" autoimmune processes may be an element of the regulatory mechanisms of homeostasis. The pathologic autoimmune processes develop on the basis of the physiologic ones in the presence of immune disorders in the form of varying defects of the suppressor mechanisms of the immune system. Among the mechanisms of autoimmunization, predisposing, initiating and contributory factors may be distinguished. Of paramount importance is thymic dysfunction whose character has not been completely disclosed. The alterations in the lymphoid organs and tissues (target organs) hypersensitivity reactions (with the exception of reagin ones) form the morphological substrate of autoimmune diseases. Distribution of autoimmune diseases into organ-specific and non-organ-specific can be accepted as the working classification.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1991

[The morphological and clinico-immunological characteristics of 2 types of myasthenia].

The thymus is studied morphologically in 139 cases of myasthenia (with no thymic neoplasia). Hyperplasia of true thymic parenchyma (without its intralobular perivascular spaces) was observed in 28%, no change in 40% and atrophy in 32% of cases. Two types of the disease were distinguished on the basis of morphological and clinico-immunological parameters: the 1st type with a hyperplastic or normal thymic parenchyma and the 2nd type with its atrophy. These types probably differ in their pathogenesis. The outcome of the thymectomy in patients with the 1st type of myasthenia is most favourable, while in patients with the 2nd type the outcome in 42% of patients is either satisfactory or unfavourable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[T-activin in multimodal treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus in children].

The efficacy of taktivin was examined by comparison of the time-course of changes in cellular immunity, the course of the underlying disease and the incidence of infectious complications in two groups of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The first group included 49 patients aged 8 to 15 years receiving taktivin, the second one 34 children of the same age not given immunomodulatory therapy. The morphofunctional status of the thymus was studied in 9 cases on autopsy. The prolonged treatment with taktivin (for 4 weeks and over) resulted in an increase of the number of patients with the improved health status and reduction of SLE activity, in a rise of the content of serum thymic factor, activation of the processes of T lymphocyte differentiation, in an increase of the lymphocyte count in patients with secondary infection, activation of phagocytosis, rise of bactericidal activity of the serum, which entailed the elimination and prevention of the development of secondary infectious complications. Taktivin promotes the normalization of the thymic structure and exerts a replacement effect.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1990

[New data on thymomegaly as a syndrome of congenital (primary) immunodeficiency].

Basing on a combined clinicomorphological investigation of the thymicolymphatic and neuroendocrine systems including measurements of blood thymic hormones and their levels in thymic tissue it is shown that congenital thymomegaly can be considered a dysfunction of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. The dysfunction manifests with polyglandular endocrinopathy and congenital immunodeficiency related to the group of thymus-dependent immunodeficiencies. Thymomegaly is often coupled with congenital malformations.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

[Splenectomy in the treatment of severe generalized myasthenia gravis (first experience)].

The authors discuss the results of splenectomy carried out on 20 patients with generalized myasthenia in whom previous complex treatment including thymectomy, corticosteroid and azathioprine therapy, repeated courses of plasmapheresis during medication with anticholinesterase agents, did not cause any essential improvement. Different values of homeostasis and immunological status were studied before and in different periods after splenectomy. The condition improved in 65% of patients, which was confirmed by the results of myography; the doses of corticosteroids and anticholinesterase agents were reduced. Bearing in mind the severe condition of patients selected for splenectomy, it is recommended to treat them only in medical centers possessing sufficient experience in treatment of myasthenia. The indications and contraindications for splenectomy in complex treatment of myasthenia must be specified further.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1990

[Thymus gland pathology in myasthenia gravis: cause or consequence?].

Analysis of the literature data and of the findings of histologic and immunohistochemical studies of operation biopsy specimens of the thymus obtained from 92 patients with myasthenia has demonstrated that abnormalities of the thymus are characteristic of myasthenia patients. In nontumor involvement of the thymus (84.7 percent of the examinees) these abnormalities present as thymic parenchyma involution of varying gravity, combined (in 54.3 percent of patients) with hyperplasia of intralobular perivascular cavities, this simulating the so-called thymic hyperplasia with lymphoid follicles. Furthermore, impaired expression of certain epitheliocytic antigens is detectable and changed counts of these cells subpopulations; thymic hormones hyperproduction occurs in young patients. In thymomas (15.3 percent of the examined myasthenia patients) the tumor epithelial cell subcortical and/or cortical antigens are intact, thymic hormones production is not always excessive, and disorders in some antigens expression are similar to those observed in nontumor involvement of the thymus. Thymic dysfunction appears to play the key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disturbances in myasthenia, and disordered activity of the epithelial cells and lymphoepithelial interactions may be the major factors here.

Adolescent↗