Biomedical subjects

Olaf Bernhardt

Publications and source records attributed to Olaf Bernhardt.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Influence of examiner differences on KIG-classification when assessing malocclusions.

OBJECTIVE: Indication systems such as the German KIG system (Kieferorthopädische Indikationsgruppen = Orthodontic Indication Groups) presuppose the objective assessment of underlying malocclusions. In this survey, we aimed to investigate the degree of agreement among the findings of several examiners in the assessment of different malocclusions and their classification according to the KIG system. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Calibrated examiners assessed in the clinical evaluation and on plaster models orthodontic malocclusions in 180 adults (aged 20-49, 64 male, 116 female) from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Clinical examination was carried out by an experienced orthodontist, and the plaster models were also analysed by an examiner experienced in orthodontics. To compare inter- and intra-individual model examiners, we had two examiners with differing orthodontic experience carry out additional analyses of 60 of the 180 models (29 male, 31 female). RESULTS: The examiner differences yielded various KIG classifications and hence different assessments (i. e., whether KIG case-costs should be borne by health insurance). The comparison "clinical examination versus model analysis" revealed differences regarding 16.7% of the study participants in the assessment of whether the expense would be borne by the statutory health insurance fund. At 5.0-8.3%, the number of participants whose assessments had differed was much smaller in the inter-individual comparison of model-examiners and was smallest (at 3.3-6.7%) when comparison was made between intra-individual assessments (by a sole examiner). With regard to overall malocclusion assessment, the greatest examiner differences were again revealed when comparing the clinical examination with the model analysis (median kappa 0.57). The model-examiner comparison revealed larger differences among examiners with less orthodontic experience (median kappa 0.61 and 0.62) than the comparison between examiners with orthodontic experience (median kappa 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: There can occasionally be considerable examiner differences in the classification of participants according to orthodontic indication groups and hence varying assessments of whether such persons are KIG cases or not. Various means of data collection (clinical evaluation-plaster models) in the assessment of malocclusions by multiple examiners and by those with little orthodontic experience may negatively influence agreement among examiners.

Female↗

PubMed2006

The influence of dynamic occlusal interferences on probing depth and attachment level: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate potential associations between dynamic occlusal interferences and signs of periodontal disease in posterior teeth based on dental and medical measurements obtained from a population-based sample in the cross-sectional epidemiological study entitled, "Study of Health in Pomerania" (SHIP). METHODS: Medical history and dental and sociodemographic parameters of 2,980 representatively selected dentate subjects, 20 to 79 years of age, were collected. The analysis was performed on posterior teeth only using a mixed linear model that considers the clustered structure of the data. The model also was adjusted with respect to known risk factors for periodontal disease. RESULTS: The presence of non-working side contacts only was significantly related to probing depth (P<0.0001) and attachment loss (P=0.001). The presence of non-working side contacts and working side contacts on the same tooth was significantly related to increased probing depth (P=0.004) but not attachment level. The effect magnitude was a mean increase of 0.13 mm for probing depth and 0.14 mm in attachment loss. Known risk factors for periodontal disease that also showed significant associations with probing depth and attachment loss included male gender, age, smoking, education, and plaque score. Other factors significantly related to probing depth and/or attachment loss were tilted teeth, restored occlusal surfaces versus sound surfaces, elongated teeth, and tooth type (molar versus premolar). CONCLUSION: The effect of non-working contacts on periodontal disease status was discernible, but weak in terms of magnitude and specificity.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with subjective symptoms of TMD in adults: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).

An analysis of exclusively representative population-based studies on adults has shown that only few and inconsistent associations could be detected between malocclusions and clinical signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD)--and none for functional occlusion factors (occlusal interferences, non-working side contacts, etc). The aim of this study was to analyze associations between morphologic occlusion as well as factors of functional occlusion and subjectively perceived symptoms of TMD--again on the basis of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), providing a sample of 4310 subjects (out of 7008 subjects yielding a response rate of 68.8%) aged 20 to 81 years, and other international representative studies from the systematic review. Besides occlusal factors also parafunctions and socioeconomic status (SES) were taken into account (including age and sex). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used--adjusted for SES. In this study, none of the occlusal factors were significantly associated with the indication of more frequent subjective TMD symptoms. However, the parafunction "frequent clenching" was connected with subjective TMD symptoms (odds ratio = 3.4). Compared with other population-based studies few and (across studies) inconsistent associations between malocclusions and subjective TMD symptoms could be ascertained. No significant associations of factors of functional occlusion with TMD symptoms were identifiable.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Risk factors for headache, including TMD signs and symptoms, and their impact on quality of life. Results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the role of various signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), among other potential risk factors, in developing frequent headache in a population-based sample of the cross-sectional epidemiologic Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). The impact of headache and of myogenous and arthrogenous signs of TMD on the quality of life of this sample was evaluated. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Medical history and dental and sociodemographic parameters of 4,255 subjects were checked for correlations with frequent headache using a multivariate logistic regression model. The quality of life of the headache sufferers was evaluated with a questionnaire on mental and physical health. RESULTS: Of the sample, 9% reported suffering from frequent headache. Significant values for the odds ratios for the whole sample were found for pain on palpation of the masticatory muscles; the anamnestic question on masticatory muscle pain; ear noises; lateral palpation pain of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ); several sleep disorders; psychosomatic complaints; and risk for women. Palpation pain of the muscles showed a dose/response effect. Subjects with a higher education level had a significantly reduced risk for developing frequent headache. Anamnestic questions for pain in the TMJ area, TMJ clicking, smoking, alcohol abuse, contraceptives, income, and chronic diseases did not correlate significantly with frequent headache. Subjects who reported frequent headache exhibited a significant reduction of physical and mental health scores. Pain upon muscle palpation showed significantly reduced scores on both scales for both genders. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, in addition to sensitive TMJs, mainly palpation-sensitive masticatory muscles showed a significant relation to the occurrence of frequent headache. Because of the number of tested covariates originally included in the model, this relation seems essential.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Subgingival debridement with a teflon-coated sonic scaler insert in comparison to conventional instruments and assessment of substance removal on extracted teeth.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that endotoxins are located on the periodontally diseased root cementum and not within it. To what extent a Teflon-tubed sonic scaler was capable of removing bacterial deposits in comparison to conventional scaling instruments, and the resulting root surface roughness and root surface topography, were recently assessed. The objective of the present study was to evaluate how much root cementum is removed with these instruments. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighty-two teeth were treated subgingivally on one approximal site either with a Teflon-coated sonic scaler insert (tSS), a Gracey curette, a conventional sonic scaler (SS), a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler insert (US), or an oscillating Periotor insert (PT) before extraction. The untreated site served as control. The width and length of cementum removal were compared histomorphometrically. Nonparametric analyses were carried out for statistical comparison. RESULTS: The US, PT, and tSS inserts removed less substance than the curettes or SS inserts. The cementum removed was 40 microm for root surfaces treated with the curette or SS, 30 microm for those treated with US, 20 microm for PT, and 17 microm for tSS. CONCLUSION: The Teflon-coated sonic scaler inserts can be a reasonable choice for gentle maintenance treatment of compliant patients with good plaque control, and little or no subgingival deposits.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Critical assessment of temporomandibular joint clicking in diagnosing anterior disc displacement.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare temporomandibular joint (TMJ) findings from clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosing anterior disc displacement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 114 subjects with at least one sign of temporomandibular disorders (tenderness/pain on palpation of the joints or muscles, TMJ sounds, pain or deviation during maximum mouth opening (active/passive)) and 193 controls underwent MRI after proper history taking and assessment of clinical symptoms. RESULTS: 464 joints with no disk displacement (NDD), 114 joints with reducible displaced disk (RDD), and 36 joints with permanently displaced disk (PDD) were confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that anterior disc displacement of the TMJ can not be diagnosed with considerable accuracy through the use of clinical examination only.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Oral parafunctions and positive clinical examination findings.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Oral parafunctional activity can be fatigued and painful masticatory muscles and/or pain in the temporomandibular joints. There is controversial discussion in the literature as to what role parafunctional activity plays in the multi-causal pathologic process. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine any association between the level of parafunctional habits versus the level of mandibular dysfunction and to test the hypothesis that TMD/bruxer patients have significantly increased muscle tension and joint pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 307 subjects (140 males und 167 females) selected for this investigation. 299 subjects were examined regarding any relationships between clenching and the incidence of muscle sensitivity. The age of subjects ranged from 20 to 54 years old, with a mean age of 35.4. 114 subjects had at least one sign of temporomandibular disorders (tenderness/pain on palpation of the joints or muscles, TMJ sounds, pain or deviation during maximum mouth opening (active/passive). RESULTS: 81 subjects admitted to clenching, while 218 said they did not. Among the "non-clenchers", 68.8% had no sensitive muscles, 31.2% indicated sensitive masticatory muscles. Those who clenched their teeth were distributed as follows: 53.1% were diagnosed with bilateral masticatory muscle sensitivity, 46.9% showed no such indications. The two groups were not homogeneously divided, with regard to pain/discomfort (p = 0.001; Fisher's precision test). CONCLUSION: This study found a statistically solid relationship between the incidence of "clenching" and muscle palpation findings, as well as between sensitivity in the mandibular joints from lateral and to cranial and dorsal with positive muscle palpation findings. The agreement between sensitivity of the masticatory musculature and the mandibular joint demonstrates that intensive clenching can predominantly lead to pathologic phenomena in the muscles or joints.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Malocclusions and clinical signs or subjective symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults. Results of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).

AIM AND METHOD: The objective was to determine with reference to a representative sample of 4310 men and women aged 20 to 81 (response rate 68.8%) drawn from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-0) whether associations exist between malocclusions and temporomandibular dysfunctions in adults. Besides clinically investigated signs, subjectively perceived symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were studied in each individual together with malocclusions (plus normal occlusion), functional occlusion factors, and sociodemographic parameters. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used, adjusted for age and discriminated for gender. The results were compared with those of other population-based studies identified by a systematic review undertaken by the present authors. RESULTS: Some malocclusions were associated with signs or symptoms of TMD but tended to occur only rarely: unilateral open bite, negative overjet, and unilateral scissors-bite in men, and edge-to-edge bite in women. However, malocclusions (and functional occlusion factors) accounted for only a small part of the differences between the control population and the study population with signs or symptoms of TMD. In terms of the multifactorial problem of temporomandibular disorders they should be seen as cofactors. The results, together with those of other population-based studies, revealed no specific, i.e. recurring malocclusions (or other occlusal factors) presenting as risk markers.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A multicenter clinical trial on the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Pulsed electromagnetic fields have shown therapeutic benefit in the treatment of numerous forms of osteoarthritis but have not been evaluated for their effects on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter clinical trial compared active treatment of 36 patients using pulsed electromagnetic fields to placebo treatment of 42 patients with TMD with pain in 1 or both TMJs and/or limited opening of less than 40 mm. Subjective parameters including pain intensity, pain frequency, degree of limitation, restriction of daily life, and intensity and frequency of joint noises were evaluated using a visual analog scale. Trained, blinded examiners assessed the clinical parameters according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders before treatment (baseline), directly after nine 1-hour treatments on consecutive working days, 6 weeks after treatment, and 4 months after treatment. Statistical evaluation was done using the Friedman test, and by paired comparison between baseline and follow-up examinations using the U test (P < .05). RESULTS: Seventy-six patients completed the study. For both the active and placebo treatment, significant improvements were seen in the subjective data (P < .01). Patients with anterior disk displacement without reduction also showed significant improvements in active mouth opening (P = .015), patients with ostheoarthritis only showed improvements in some of the subjective parameters (P < .03), and patients with anterior disk displacement with reduction showed no improvement at all. CONCLUSIONS: Pulsed electromagnetic fields had no specific treatment effects in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with signs of temporomandibular disorders in adults: results of the population-based study of health in Pomerania.

The objective of this study was to determine whether associations exist between occlusal factors and signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults using the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), Germany. A representative sample of 4310 men and women aged 20 to 81 years (response 68.8%) was investigated for TMD signs, malocclusions, functional occlusion factors, and sociodemographic parameters. Multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusted for sex, age, and socioeconomic status, was used. The results were compared with other population-based studies identified by a systematic review. Few malocclusions and no factors of functional occlusion except socioeconomic parameters were associated with TMD signs, and these associations were mostly weak. Only bilateral open bite up to three mm appeared to be clinically relevant and was associated with TMD signs (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0). This malocclusion, however, was of rare occurrence, with a prevalence of 0.3% (n = 9), and this finding was not confirmed by other representative studies. Occlusal factors examined in this study explained only a small part of the differences between normal subjects and those with TMD signs. This and other population-based studies indicate that malocclusions and factors of functional occlusion surveyed should be seen as merely cofactors in the sense of one piece of the mosaic in the multifactorial problem of temporomandibular dysfunction. Single occlusal factors that showed significant effects throughout several studies could not be detected. In view of the large number of occlusal variables already investigated, other variables including nonocclusal ones probably also play a role and should be looked at more intensely.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Caries and periodontal disease of the elderly in Pomerania, Germany: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the oral health status of older adults living in northeastern Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Representative samples of adults aged 60 years or older were examined as part of Study of the Health in Pomerania, a cross-sectional, population-based study. Data on 1446 subjects aged 60-79 years were evaluated for coronal caries using the decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) index, root caries using the root caries index (RCI), calculus, plaque, bleeding on probing, pocket depth and attachment loss. RESULTS: The prevalence of edentulousness varied from 16% in the 60-65-year-old group to 30% in the 75-79-year-old group, whereas the median number of remaining natural teeth per subject varied from 14 in the youngest age group (60-65 years) to one in the oldest (75-79 years). Among subjects aged 60-69 years, a quarter (26%) of the teeth examined had coronal restoration against 17% in the oldest age group (70-79 years). Coronal caries was found in 2% of the teeth in both age groups. Among teeth with gingival recession, 6% had fillings on root surfaces and 2% had root caries, irrespective of age. In all, 11% of the subjects had at least one untreated coronal lesion and 27% had at least one untreated root caries lesion. Plaque score, calculus score and bleeding on probing were higher in the oldest age group (70-79 years). The prevalence of periodontal disease expressed as the presence of at least one periodontal pocket of 4 mm and more, was higher in men and among the younger subjects (men aged 60-69 years: 85% vs. 71% in 70-79-year-old men; women aged 60-69 years: 71% vs. 62% in 70-79-year-olds). The prevalence of attachment loss of 3 mm or more followed a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS: It seems therefore that in this population, the major oral health concern is related to caries and the small number of teeth retained among the dentate subjects.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Periodontal disease, but not edentulism, is independently associated with increased plasma fibrinogen levels. Results from a population-based study.

The systemic response to periodontal disease was analyzed in the cross-sectional Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). The completed data of 2,738 subjects aged 20 to 59 years were used for logistic regression analysis with an increased plasma fibrinogen level (> or =3.25 g/L according to Clauss) as the dependent variable. Participants were divided into four groups according to the number of periodontal pockets > or =4 mm (0, 1-7, 8-14, > or =15 pocketing). An additional group comprised the 52 edentulous subjects. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of > or =15 periodontal pockets for increased plasma fibrinogen levels was 1.88 (95% CI: 1.25-2.83). Edentulism per se was not associated with increased plasma fibrinogen levels but was contained in a two-way interaction with the number of cigarettes/day in current smokers (p = 0.031). For edentulous nonsmokers the adjusted OR was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.51-2.39). Furthermore, body mass index, the interaction between gender and body mass index, serum LDL cholesterol, medication, the interaction between LDL cholesterol and medication, aspirin, smoking, school education, chronic bronchitis, and the interaction between alcohol consumption and chronic gastritis were associated with plasma fibrinogen levels. Our results show that periodontal disease but not edentulism per se is associated with an increased plasma fibrinogen level.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in an urban and rural German population: results of a population-based Study of Health in Pomerania.

OBJECTIVE: Based on a randomized, population study (Study of Health in Pomerania [SHIP]), the objective of the present study was to determine incidence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults 20 years or older and to compare the data with TMD prevalence of other exclusively random sample studies that fulfilled criteria similar to those of this study (age > or = 20 years, age range > or = 40 years, sample size > or = 500 subjects, equal gender distribution). METHOD AND MATERIALS: Men and women (n = 7,008) 20 to 79 years of age from mid- and small-sized towns in a rural region in northeast Germany were randomly sampled from resident registry office files. The response rate was 68.8%. Adults between the ages of 20 and 81 years (n = 4,289) were clinically and anamnestically examined. RESULTS: Half of the subjects (49.9%) had one or more clinical signs of TMD, but only 2.7% were subjectively aware of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain symptoms. Women showed higher frequency for all signs and symptoms of TMD than men. However, these differences were not significant for all signs and symptoms in all age groups. The influence of age on TMD signs and symptoms was less pronounced. The prevalence for the following variables found in the present study compared to those of other comparable, random sample studies was: clinical examination; (TMJ) tenderness to palpation (5% versus 2% to 6%); masticatory muscle tenderness (15% versus 19% to 21%); joint sounds (25% versus 15% to 25%); limited maximum mouth opening < 40 mm (9% versus 5% to 8%); pain upon movement of the mandible (1% versus 1% to 3%); irregular jaw movements (deviation, deflection) (28% versus 28%); interview: subjective joint sounds (9% versus 11% to 13%); and subjective TMJ pain (3% versus 4% to 7%). CONCLUSION: The TMD incidence in the current study agreed quite well with the other studies based on random samples with similar subjects and design. The large range of prevalence for signs and symptoms of TMD documented in reviews and meta-analyses could therefore not be confirmed.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults: a systematic review of population-based studies.

The aim of this systematic review of population-based studies was to establish whether or not associations exist between different types of malocclusions, as well as factors of functional occlusion (eg, occlusal interferences, nonworking-side occlusal contacts) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults 20 years or older. Defined criteria were employed in the search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, as well as in a manual search. Finally, using inclusion criteria (eg, random sampling from residents' registration office files or census lists, adequate response rates), out of 22 preselected studies, four relevant population-based studies on this subject were found. Eighteen studies were excluded because of insufficient description of material and methods (eg, lack or unclear description of sample method, randomization, age distribution), mixed under- and over-20-year-old study population, or different outcome of interest (eg, tooth loss, dentures). The methodologic quality of the selected studies was established with a quality assessment list. The average total methodologic score achieved was 43 out of a possible 100 points. Few associations were reported between malocclusion and parameters of functional occlusion and clinical as well as subjective TMD, and these associations were not uniform. No particular morphologic or functional occlusal factor became apparent. Additionally, the occlusal factors found were partly protective for TMD, ie, subjects with these occlusal parameters showed fewer signs and symptoms of TMD (angle Class II malocclusion, deep bite, anterior crossbite). A positive relationship was only described in two cases-between the number of rotated lateral teeth and subjective symptoms of dysfunction, and between excessive abrasions and clinical dysfunction. In neither case, however, was the strength of the correlation given. In summary, few associations were established between malocclusion or functional occlusion and signs and symptoms of TMD. In view of the small number of randomized studies and their methodologic quality, these results should be verified through further valid representative studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Dental occlusion and subjective temporomandibular joint symptoms in men and women. Results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)].

Aim of the study was to determine whether associations exist in men as well as in women between occlusal factors like malocclusions or factors of functional occlusion and subjective temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms, based on the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-0). A representative sample of 4310 men and women (response rate 68.8%) aged 20 to 81 years was examined for subjective temporomandibular joint symptoms, malocclusions (incl. normal occlusion), factors of functional occlusion and for sociodemographic parameters. Men and women were analyzed separately with multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age. The results were compared to other population-based studies from an own systematic review on this subject. In men and women, none of the 48 occlusal factors under survey (malocclusions or functional occlusion) was significantly more frequently associated with the dependent variable "subjective temporomandibular joint symptoms". In contrast, the parafunction "frequent clenching" was associated more frequently and clinically relevant with TMJ symptoms in both sexes (for men, odds ratio = 4.2, prevalence 4.9%; for women OR = 2.9, prevalence 5.6%). Malocclusions and functional occlusion factors only explained a smaller part of the differences between the male and female population with and without subjective TMJ symptoms. Compared to other population-based studies only few and inconsistent associations between occlusal factors and subjective temporomandibular symptoms were ascertainable in both sexes.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Comparative tests of arbitrary and kinematic transverse horizontal axis recordings of mandibular movements.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The reliability of recording maxillomandibular relationships for articulator programming with a transverse horizontal axis determined arbitrarily with an arbitrary face-bow has not been verified against a kinematically determined and recorded transverse horizontal axis in an in vivo study. PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to determine the measuring accuracy of the Cadiax Compact system in a clinical series of tests and to determine whether there is a clinically significant difference between the 3-dimensional measurements recorded from kinematically and arbitrarily determined transverse horizontal axes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty subjects (11 women, 19 men; ages 21 to 26) participated in this study. Mandibular movement, the sagittal condylar inclination (SCI) angle, and the transversal condylar inclination (TCI) angle were recorded in each subject with the Cadiax Compact system, by use of first an arbitrarily and second a kinematically determined transverse horizontal axis. A subset of 10 subjects was examined with another computerized axiograph, the Gamma Cadiax system. Measurements were made and recorded twice, on different days under similar circumstances. To compare the systems and measurement methods, the SCI measurements taken at 3- and 5-mm sagittal protrusion and the TCI taken at 3- and 5-mm mediotrusion were used. The lengths and characteristic curvatures of protrusion, opening, and mediotrusion tracings were determined for the evaluation as follows: tracing lengths (<8 mm, 8 to 12 mm, and >12 mm); degree of overlap of the excursive and incursive tracing; and tracing curvature. The intraclass correlation was used to compare angle values at the 95% confidence interval. To assess the track progression, kappa values were calculated. RESULTS: Repetition of the mandibular track inclination angles and the condylar movement pattern was highly reliable (intraclass correlation of >0.8) with the Cadiax Compact system. When the mandibular track inclinations determined kinematically and arbitrarily by the Gamma Cadiax and Cadiax Compact systems were compared, both systems demonstrated high reliability (ICC>0.8). The congruence results of the protrusion tracings from kinematic and arbitrary measurements with the Cadiax Compact system were as follows: strong congruence in quantity, characteristics, and horizontal tracing; only the quality diminished slightly (Kappa 0.46 in the first measurement, which still represented a clear congruence). The opening and mediotrusion tracings demonstrated fair to almost complete congruence in all parameters. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the kinematic and arbitrary measurements of the Cadiax Compact system could be reliably used for articulator programming. The results suggest that arbitrarily determined posterior reference points may be comparable to a kinematically determined transverse horizontal axis.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a health survey in an East German region. Objectives and design of the oral health section.

The goal of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) was to estimate the prevalence of diseases, identify potential risk factors in a defined region in northeast Germany, and examine the particular living situation of this population after the reunification of East and West Germany. One of the main concerns of the SHIP design is the analysis of the relationships between dental, medical, social, and environmentally and behaviorally determined health factors. SHIP is a cross-sectional study (clinical findings and sociologic interviews). The sample was drawn in two steps: Thirty-two communities in the region were selected, and within these communities, a simple random sample was drawn from residence registries, stratified by gender and age. The final sample included 4,310 males and females, aged 20 to 79 years. This is equivalent to a participation rate of 68.8%. Data collection was completed in May 2001. The data collection and items comprised four parts: oral health examination, medical examination, health-related interview, and a health- and risk-factor-related questionnaire. The oral health examination included the teeth, periodontium, oral mucosa, morphology and function of the craniomandibular system, and prosthodontics. The medical examination included blood pressure measurements; electrocardiography; echocardiography; carotid, thyroid, and liver ultrasound examinations; neurologic screening; and blood and urine sampling. The computer-assisted interview consisted of questions on symptoms of disease, utilization of medical and dental services, self-assessment of general and oral health, health behavior and knowledge, and socioeconomic variables. The self-administered questionnaire comprised housing conditions, social network, work conditions, subjective well-being, and individual consequences of the German reunification.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Periodontal attachment level of extractions presumably performed for periodontal reasons.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyse the residual periodontal attachment in teeth extracted by East German dentists in order to determine a possible 'forceps level'. METHODS: Out of about 8000 extracted teeth collected from a dental waste disposal company, 500 teeth were randomly selected. After exclusion of wisdom teeth and premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons (intact teeth with attachment > 90%), coronal and root caries, fillings, pulp exposure and incomplete root fillings (based on X-rays) were registered. The periodontal ligament was stained with 1% Fuchsin Red and measured with a light microscope. RESULTS: For intact teeth (DF = 0, periodontal disease definition I), the mean periodontal attachment (50.5% +/- 16.0) was significantly lower than for teeth with carious defects or fillings (64.7% +/- 18.8. unpaired t-test: p < 0. 00 1). There was a marked increase in frequency of extractions in intact teeth below 70% periodontal attachment and 37% were extracted at attachment levels between 50 and 69%. Teeth with pulpal involvement showed significantly different frequency distributions and mean attachment values (77.9% +/- 17.8) than the remaining teeth (periodontal disease definition II; 55,2% +/- 15.5). CONCLUSIONS: A considerable number of teeth with no or minor coronal destruction were extracted at an attachment level of 50-70%, regardless of the tooth type. The threshold for 'periodontal' extractions seem to be too low and undifferentiated, which calls for an improvement in knowledge of periodontal diagnosis and treatment.

Dental Caries↗