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P A Carson

Publications and source records attributed to P A Carson.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Peroxy bleaches Part 2. Determination of the thermodynamic and kinetic chemistry of some peroxy compounds.

The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of a series of inorganic and organic peroxy bleaches were determined using adiabatic rate calorimetry and isothermal microcalorimetry. Results are compared to calculated oxygen balance values. The decomposition of the majority of the compounds is complex. Data indicate the need for cooling during the storage and transport for some materials evaluated. Although no overall structure/activity relationship could be established because of the diversity of molecular architectures studied, a combination of decomposition and activation energy data provides a means for hazard and risk classification.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Peroxy bleaches Part 1. Background and techniques for hazard evaluation.

Fabric laundering is now a sophisticated chemical process involving a variety of operations including bleaching. The chemistry of peroxy bleaches is described including the use of novel organic compounds to provide effective bleaching at the lower temperatures of modern wash cycles. The instability of peroxy compounds is illustrated using cameo case histories to relate theory and practice. Techniques available for determining their thermochemistry are summarised. A model is provided for hazard and risk assessment of development projects in general (particularly those involving new molecules, processes or formulations) from ideas phase through exploratory laboratory investigations to pilot plant scale-up and eventual manufacture and commercial exploitation. This paper is a prelude to Part 2, which describes the determination of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of peroxy bleaches and discusses the implication of the results in terms of precautions for their safe storage and incorporation into detergent formulations during processing.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

Circadian rhythm and sudden death in heart failure: results from Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to address the timing of sudden death in advanced heart failure patients. BACKGROUND: Sudden death is a catastrophic event in cardiovascular disease. It has a circadian pattern prominent in the early AM, which has been thought to be due to a surge of sympathetic stimulation. We postulated that the distribution of events in advanced heart failure, with chronic sympathetic activation, would be more uniform implicating other potential mechanisms. METHODS: We analyzed data from Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Trial (PRAISE). Sudden deaths were analyzed by time of death in 4-h and 1-h blocks for uniformity of distribution in the entire cohort, and in the prespecified ischemic and nonischemic stratum. Further analyses were undertaken in the treatment groups of amlodipine and placebo, and among those receiving background therapy of aspirin and warfarin. RESULTS: Sudden deaths in the overall cohort showed a nonuniform distribution with a PM peak but not an AM peak. The ischemic stratum also showed a PM peak, but sudden deaths within the nonischemic stratum were uniformly distributed. Neither amlodipine treatment nor aspirin or warfarin use altered the distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Sudden death in advanced heart failure did not show an AM peak, suggesting that circadian sympathetic activation did not strongly influence these events. The PM peak noted is likely complex in origin and was not affected by antiischemic or antithrombotic medications.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The rehabilitation of a competitive swimmer with an asymmetrical breaststroke movement pattern.

This case study describes the treatment and management of an 11-year-old competitive swimmer who was repeatedly disqualified from races because of an asymmetrical movement pattern, otherwise called stroke. The treatment was based on the impairments found during the physical examination that were considered relevant to the physical dysfunction resulting in the asymmetrical stroke. This gave rise to the hypothesis that muscle imbalances around the right shoulder and left hip, together with a relative restriction of motion in these joints, were resulting in the transmission of forces up and down the kinetic chain and that these were contributing factors to the asymmetrical breaststroke stroke. An eclectic approach was used in the analysis, and the subsequent treatment and management, of the problem. To achieve the goal of a symmetrical stroke, the muscle balance/imbalance approaches of Janda (1994), Sahrmann (1988) and Kendall et al. (1993) were used. The joint impairments were treated with techniques described by Maitland (1986) and Mulligan (1996), while the exercise programme included the core/stabilizing approach presented by Blanch (1997). The treatment period consisted of four phases of 3 weeks each. The result indicates that early identification and treatment of muscle imbalance syndromes and relative joint restrictions by the physiotherapist and coach working together may be useful in establishing good movement patterns and technique for competitive swimmers.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics of studies involving human volunteers. I. Historical background.

The evaluation of personal products using panels of human volunteers is crucial to the continued development of the industry. Nowadays, however, it is increasingly important to ensure that such studies are both safe for the participants and are ethical. As a means of defining general rules for judging and justifying the ethics of human testing, historical milestones in the development of human experimentation are given. While most experience originates from biomedical research, findings help establish standards of ethical review of non-therapeutic human testing used in the cosmetics industry.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics of studies involving human volunteers. II. Relevance and practical implementation for cosmetic scientists.

The importance to the personal products industry of testing novel products in healthy human volunteers and the need to ensure the trials were both safe and ethical were addressed in Part I. The historical development of ethical standards for human testing was also summarized. The present paper highlights the ethical principles to be considered when testing novel non-medicinal products on human volunteers, and it describes how they can be implemented in a pragmatic manner to avoid delay to the sponsor's research program. The structure and function of ethics committees is discussed.

Confidentiality↗