Skin reactions to topical aminophylline.
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Administration, Topical↗
Biomedical subjects
P A Simon
Publications and source records attributed to P A Simon.
Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in Colorado, 1986 through 1991.
Unintentional carbon monoxide poisonings were identified through death certificates, by hyperbaric chambers, and by laboratories required to report carboxyhemoglobin levels greater than 12%. From 1986 to 1991, 981 cases were reported, including 174 deaths. Deaths most often resulted from fire-related carbon monoxide intoxication (36.2%), followed by motor vehicle exhaust (34.5%), and furnaces (10.3%). Among nonfatal cases, furnaces were the leading source of carbon monoxide exposure (44.3%), followed by motor vehicle exhaust (22.8%). The importance of furnaces and other home heating devices in carbon monoxide intoxication may be underappreciated if only mortality data are examined. Surveillance of carbon monoxide-related morbidity is a useful adjunct to mortality surveillance in guiding prevention efforts.
Accidents↗
Late HIV diagnosis.
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AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
Income and AIDS rates in Los Angeles County.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between income and AIDS rates in Los Angeles County (LAC) by race/ethnicity. METHODS: 1990 US census data were used to classify LAC postal zones (zip codes) by median household income into low-, middle-, and high-income strata. AIDS rates were calculated for each income stratum based on 15,805 AIDS cases diagnosed from 1987 through 1992 and reported to the county health department. RESULTS: The AIDS rate was highest among residents of low-income areas (252.8 per 100,000), intermediate among residents of middle-income areas (161.2 per 100,000), and lowest among residents of high-income areas (82.0 per 100,000). This trend in rates was present in all racial/ethnic groups examined and was most pronounced among whites (675.1, 226.7, and 88.4 per 100,000, respectively). Residents of low-income areas accounted for 78% of AIDS cases among blacks, 67% among Hispanics, and 47% among whites. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a strong inverse relationship between income and AIDS rates in LAC that is consistent across racial/ethnic groups. Prevention programs and treatment services should be directed most intensively to low-income neighborhoods in this county.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Racial differences in the use of drug therapy for HIV disease.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Aminophylline hypersensitivity apparently due to ethylenediamine.
Asthmatic patients receive multiple drugs as part of their treatment program. When a subsequent allergic reaction occurs, the ethylenediamine component of aminophylline is usually not suspected as the etiologic agent. We present a case of ethylenediamine-induced delayed hypersensitivity reaction in a 46-year-old woman who received parenteral aminophylline for an acute asthma exacerbation. Patch testing for ethylenediamine was positive.
Acute Disease↗
Clusters of invasive group A streptococcal infections in family, hospital, and nursing home settings.
The spread of group A streptococcal infection to close contacts of infected persons is well recognized. With the resurgence of invasive group A streptococcal infections, there is an increased potential for clusters of patients with invasive disease. We reviewed data collected since December 1988 at the Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta) to identify clusters of infection in which one or more patients had invasive disease. Twelve family clusters were identified. Infection in index cases included the toxic shock-like syndrome and septicemia. Infection in family contacts included invasive infections, pharyngitis, or asymptomatic carriage. Most invasive disease occurred in adults, while the majority of noninvasive infections were in children. Five nosocomial clusters with spread of infection from patients to hospital personnel were documented. All index patients had the toxic shock-like syndrome; secondary infections included the toxic shock-like syndrome, pneumonia, bullous cellulitis, lymphangitis, and pharyngitis. Clusters of invasive infections also were identified in five nursing homes. Pneumonia, cutaneous infections, and the toxic shock-like syndrome occurred most commonly. Clustering by nursing home unit occurred in three outbreaks. In hospitals and nursing homes, improved infection control will likely decrease secondary spread; in families, spread of disease may be prevented by identifying and treating those harboring the organism or by chemoprophylaxis. Studies that characterize the rate of secondary infection are needed before definitive recommendations can be made.
Adult↗
Asthma in children.
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
Treatment of asthma in children.
The epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis, and drug therapy of asthma in children are reviewed. Recent advances in drug therapy have, for unknown reasons, been accompanied by an increase in the morbidity and mortality associated with childhood asthma. The cause of asthma is not precisely understood, but an inflammatory process and hyperactivity of airways are common findings in the disease. Asthma in children can be classified as intermittent, chronic, or indeterminate; a severe, prolonged episode not relieved by usual treatment is called status asthmaticus. The hallmark symptoms of asthma are coughing, dyspnea, and wheezing. Beta-adrenergic agonists can be used orally for diagnostic purposes or for nocturnal asthma; i.v. or s.c. for emergency treatment; or by inhalation for relief of acute asthmatic episodes. Experience with anticholinergics in children is limited, and these agents should be used only when other options have failed. Inhalation of cromolyn sodium is very safe and is useful for the prophylactic treatment of mild to moderate asthma. Corticosteroids, which are used both for acute asthmatic episodes and for long-term treatment, can be given orally, i.v., or by inhalation. Theophylline is used for prophylactic therapy in children with chronic asthma. Selection of a drug regimen is based on knowledge of efficacy, pharmacokinetics, compliance, and toxicity. The treatment of asthma in children requires consideration of drug properties in young patients. Drugs used to treat childhood asthma include beta agonists, anticholinergics, cromolyn sodium, corticosteroids, and theophylline.
Administration, Inhalation↗
Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation.
Nicotine dependence and the role of various pharmacotherapeutic adjuncts in the medical management of nicotine withdrawal and smoking cessation are reviewed. Nicotine has been shown to be the drug in tobacco that causes addiction. The nicotine withdrawal syndrome is primarily characterized by craving, irritability, frustration, anger, anxiety, poor concentration, restlessness, weight gain, and decreased heart rate. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions can be classified into four groups: therapy that (1) replaces nicotine, (2) antagonizes nicotine, (3) provides symptomatic treatment for nicotine withdrawal, and (4) deters smoking. Nicotine replacement therapy with nicotine polacrilex gum has had minimal effect on increasing-smoking cessation among patients seen in a general medical practice setting. It is most effective in nicotine dependent smokers when it is used concomitantly with behavioral or psychological counseling. Nicotine antagonist therapy with mecamylamine may be useful in recalcitrant cases of nicotine dependence. Clonidine, in both oral and transdermal forms, has been shown to be effective for reduction of symptoms and craving associated with smoking cessation. Research on using the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and doxepin to promote smoking cessation by reducing withdrawal symptoms is in its preliminary phases. Lobeline, an alkaloid with effects similar to those of nicotine, is an FDA Category III drug (i.e., safe, but of unknown efficacy) and is available without prescription. Silver acetate chewing gum deters smoking by producing an unpleasant metallic taste on concomitant ingestion of the agent and tobacco. It is an FDA Category III drug and is available without prescription. Drugs used in therapy of nicotine withdrawal include nicotine replacements, nicotine antagonists, agents to lessen the symptoms of withdrawal, and smoking deterrents. None of the drugs is completely effective. Successful drug use for smoking cessation involves consideration of the psychological, as well as physiological, aspects of nicotine addiction.
Humans↗
Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by ultraviolet illumination of NADH generated by an immobilized antibody-gonococcal enzyme complex.
Frozen, cervical swabs were placed in a lysis buffer containing an immobilized antibody to the gonococcal enzyme, 1,2-propanediol oxidoreductase. The immobilized antibody--enzyme complex that formed was active after the addition of substrate (1,2-propanediol and NAD) and this activity could be detected by visual inspection of NADH fluorescence under ultraviolet illumination.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
The isolation and characterization of a 1,2-propanediol oxidoreductase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
An enzyme which oxidizes 1,2-propanediol in the presence of NAD+ has been purified from lysates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The enzyme was activated by monovalent cations, had a pH optimum between 9 and 10, and showed a substrate specificity unlike any known alcohol or glycerol dehydrogenase. The enzyme had an apparent Km of 17 mM for 1,2-propanediol and 0 . 37 mM for NAD+. When chromatographed on a Sephadex G-150 column, the enzyme eluted as a single peak in the molecular weight region of a bovine serum albumin marker. An antibody to the purified enzyme was prepared in goats. When antiserum was reacted with the enzyme in immunodiffusion experiments, a single precipitin band was detected. When the enzyme was mixed with an excess of antibody and then reacted with substrate, enzyme activity was completely inhibited.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
The occurrence of 1,2-propanediol oxidoreductase in micro-organisms and its use as a possible diagnostic marker for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
The cervical microbial flora of 25 females and stock cultures of various micro-organisms which may be present in the human female cervix were examined using a fluorimetric assay for 1,2-propanediol oxidoreductase. Results indicated that only members of the genera Neisseria and Acinetobacter possess appreciable activities of the enzyme, whose physiological function is not yet known. The activity of this enzyme in N. gonorrhoeae appeared to be significantly higher than the activities observed in mot of the other Neisseria species and in the Acinetobacter species. These results indicated that it may be possible to utilize this enzyme as a presumptive diagnostic marker for N. gonorrhoeae in cervical secretions. 1,2-Propanediol oxidoreductase may also be of taxonomic significance for the classification of various bacterial species.
Acinetobacter↗
Computer program for finding mating combinations in chess.
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Computers↗