Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to P Brandt.
The major emphasis of behavioral research related to childhood diabetes has been on the child's physical and emotional outcomes, the family's response, and adherence issues. This research review focuses on adherence and related youth and family functioning. Descriptive and intervention studies are critiqued. Common conceptual and methodological issues are discussed with recommendations for future research.
The complete nucleotide sequence of an avian adenovirus, the egg drop syndrome (EDS) virus, was determined. The total genome length is 33,213 nucleotides, resulting in a molecular weight of 21.9 x 10(6). The GC content is only 42.5%. Between map units 3.5 and 76.9, the distribution of open reading frames with homology to known genes is similar to that reported for other mammalian and avian adenoviruses. However, no homologies to adenovirus genes such as E1A, pIX, pV, and E3 could be found. Outside this region, several open reading frames were identified without any obvious homology to known adenovirus proteins. In the region organized similarly as other adenoviral genomes, most homologies were found to an ovine adenovirus (OAV strain 287). The highest level of amino acid identity was found for the hexon proteins of EDS and OAV. The virus-associated RNA (VA RNA) was identified thanks to the homology with the VA RNA of fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAV1). Similarities with FAV1 were also found in the fiber protein. Our results demonstrate that the avian EDS virus represents an intermediate between mammalian and avian adenoviruses. The nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of the EDS virus reflect the heterogeneity of the aviadenovirus genus and the Adenoviridae family.
The complete DNA sequence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV has been determined. Apart from chromosome XII, which contains the 1-2 Mb rDNA cluster, chromosome IV is the longest S. cerevisiae chromosome. It was split into three parts, which were sequenced by a consortium from the European Community, the Sanger Centre, and groups from St Louis and Stanford in the United States. The sequence of 1,531,974 base pairs contains 796 predicted or known genes, 318 (39.9%) of which have been previously identified. Of the 478 new genes, 225 (28.3%) are homologous to previously identified genes and 253 (32%) have unknown functions or correspond to spurious open reading frames (ORFs). On average there is one gene approximately every two kilobases. Superimposed on alternating regional variations in G+C composition, there is a large central domain with a lower G+C content that contains all the yeast transposon (Ty) elements and most of the tRNA genes. Chromosome IV shares with chromosomes II, V, XII, XIII and XV some long clustered duplications which partly explain its origin.
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We have determined the complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, affording access to the first of its three genomes. The 366,924 nucleotides code for 57 identified genes, which cover only 10% of the genome. Introns in these genes add about 8%, open reading frames larger than 100 amino acids represent 10% of the genome, duplications account for 7%, remnants of retrotransposons of nuclear origin contribute 4% and integrated plastid sequences amount to 1%-leaving 60% of the genome unaccounted for. With the significant contribution of duplications, imported foreign DNA and the extensive background of apparently functionless sequences, the mosaic structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial genome features many aspects of size-relaxed nuclear genomes.
In the mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis thaliana eight mosaic open reading frames arose by recombination of fragments duplicated from one or more mitochondrial genes. These duplications represent unedited sequences, suggesting their derivation from genomic DNA rather than RNA. Five of the chimeric reading frames contain the information for the N-terminus of the original polypeptide and 5' upstream regions. These observations suggest that the generation of novel open reading frames in plant mitochondria can occur rather easily by chance extensions of duplicated gene fragments. The presence of so many mosaic open reading frames in the normal Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial genome suggests that such recombined sequences interfere only occasionally and fortuitously with the peak mitochondrial performance presumably required during pollen maturation, and usually do not cause a cytoplasmic male sterile phenotype.
In the mitochondrial genome of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana the atp6 open reading frame is located on the border of one of the repeats resulting in two copies with different presequence extensions. The two presequences of 135 and 97 amino acids respectively show no similarity to each other, while the mature protein sequences are identical. Both preproteins are most likely synthesized in Arabidopsis mitochondria from promoter elements upstream of each copy. The presence of two arrangements in the mitochondrial genome of fertile Arabidopsis plants suggests this recombination to be unrelated to a cytoplasmic male sterile phenotype. This recombination precisely at the mature protein terminus is reminiscent of the domain shuffling model in protein evolution.
We have sequenced a region containing 32.5 kb of the right arm of chromosome IV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Twenty open reading frames (ORFs) greater than 100 amino acids could be identified in this region. Six ORFs correspond to known yeast genes, including DOA4, UBC5 and UBC3, the gene products of which are involved in ubiquitin metabolism. UBC5 is preceded by the two tRNA genes tRNA-Arg2 and tRNA-Asp. Six genes were discovered with homologies to non-yeast genes or with homologies to other yeast ORFs. One of these could be identified as ribosomal protein gene RPS13. The putative function of eight ORFs remains unclear because comparison to different DNA or protein databases revealed no significant patterns. The sequence from cosmid 2F21 was obtained entirely by a combined subcloning and walking primer strategy, and has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number X84162.
Several retrotransposon fragments are integrated in the mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. These insertions are derived from all three classes of nuclear retrotransposons, the Ty1/copia-, Ty3/gypsy- and non-LTR/LINE-families. Members of the Ty3/gypsy group of elements have not yet been identified in the nuclear genome of Arabidopsis. The varying degrees of similarity with nuclear elements and the dispersed locations of the sequences in the mitochondrial genome suggest numerous independent transfer-insertion events in the evolutionary history of this plant mitochondrial genome. Overall, we estimate remnants of retrotransposons to cover > or = 5% of the mitochondrial genome in Arabidopsis.
The Self-Management Program was a school-based intervention for 65 school-aged children with a chronic health condition and their parents. Through the peer group process, a cognitive-behavioural intervention was used to promote the child's self-management of the stresses associated with the chronic condition. Groups were also held to support parents in helping the child to use the newly acquired self-management strategies. A pre- and post-test waiting control group design examined treatment effects on therapeutic adherence, child self-responsibility, and child self-efficacy. Children in the intervention group, in comparison to those in the control group, showed significantly higher therapeutic adherence and more self-responsibility in the management of the health condition. By two months, the improvements in self-responsibility had begun to fade as reported by the children, but remained significant as reported by the parents. No significant differences were found on the self-efficacy measure. Goal attainment, child and parent learning, and consumer satisfaction were also found to be evident.
Professional standards of practice provide a basis for valid and reliable assessments and quality assurance. The purpose of this case study research was to evaluate a nursing standard, Family Coping, in two families with an infant with cerebral palsy. An assessment protocol was developed from the Family Coping standard and provided the basis for a comprehensive assessment. The case study provided the format and methodologies for implementing the assessment protocol. Patterns of family coping were derived from data collection that occurred at different times and through the use of multiple methods and respondents. The findings of this study confirmed the value of multiple sources of evidence for deriving a diagnosis from which a plan of treatment could be developed. The Family Coping standard proved to be useful for nursing practice by providing a theoretically and empirically based standard for guiding the assessment of family coping.
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As part of the worldwide efforts at molecular analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant the complete structure of the mitochondrial genome has been determined. The mitochondrial DNA molecules were mapped by restriction fragment analysis of more than 300 cosmid clones and purified mitochondrial DNA. The entire genome of 372 kb is contained in three different configurations of circular molecules and is split into two additional subgenomic molecules of 234 kb and 138 kb, respectively. These arrangements result from recombinations of the two sets of repeats present in combinations of inverted and/or direct orientation. Alignment of YAC clones confirms the in vivo presence of continuous DNA molecules of more than 300 kb in A. thaliana mitochondria. The presence of this comparatively large mitochondrial genome in a plant with one of the smallest nuclear genomes shows that different size constraints act upon the different genomes in plant cells.
The regulation of intracellular calcium is essential for proper muscle function. Muscle cells have several mechanisms for dealing with the rapid and large changes in cytosolic calcium level that occur during contraction. Among these is the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA), which pumps calcium from the cytosol to the extracellular space. We have previously shown that in human fetal muscle the PMCA1 isoforms present are PMCA1a-d, with PMCA1b and c predominating. Alternative splicing of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in muscle contraction is common in developing muscle. Therefore, we examined the expression of muscle-specific PMCA mRNAs in pre- and postfusion mouse C2 myoblasts. The housekeeping form of the CA(2+)-ATPase, PMCA1b, was found at all times and under all conditions. However, the other predominating isoform found in muscle, PMCA1c, was expressed on myotube formation. Simple cell-cell contact was not sufficient to induce PMCA1c expression, as cells plated at confluence but harvested before myotubule formation did not express PMCA1c. The induction of this muscle-specific Ca(2+)-ATPase at myotube formation suggests that it may play an important role in muscle function.
The aim of this retrospective study was to describe diseases seen and treated at the infirmary at Sundholm, an institution for homeless people. In 1991 there were 124 admissions to the department. The problems treated were in 47 (37.9%) cases mainly related to alcohol abuse, in 26 (21%) cases medical or surgical diseases, in 12 (9.7%) drug abuse problems, in 10 (8.1%) psychoses and in five (4.0%) problems following crisis or trauma. In 24 (19.4%) admissions the health problems were due to various combinations of physical and psychiatric diseases and could not be classified further. In 96% of the admissions the patient was diagnosed as having one or more diagnosis concerning alcohol or drug abuse or major psychiatric disease. The infirmaries at the welfare homes in Denmark are a specialized alternative to more traditional treatment for the homeless.
Sequence analysis of the region upstream of the apocytochrome b (cob) gene in the Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome identifies an open reading frame with homology to ribosomal protein L5, (rpl5), and a pseudogene with similarity to ribosomal protein S14 (rps14) genes. Both cob and rpl5 genes have intact reading frames, but the rps14 homology is disrupted by a stop codon and a deleted nucleotide. The rpl5 gene, the rps14 pseudogene, and the cob gene are separated by one nucleotide and a 1604-nucleotide-long spacer respectively. A plastid-like tRNA(Ser) is encoded downstream from the cob gene. The entire region is transcribed into a 5-kb transcript, containing the rps14 pseudogene and the cob gene. Cob and rpl5 mRNAs are edited in several positions with different frequencies. The rps14 pseudogene is transcribed and edited in one position in common with other plants. Since no intact rps14 gene is found in the mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis, the functional gene is presumably encoded in the nucleus.
Specialty practice guidelines provide the nursing profession with the opportunity to examine, document, and revise practice, thus contributing to clinical scholarship and nursing science. The development and evaluation of one particular specialty practice guideline, the Children with Special Health Care Needs Guidelines, and the implications for early intervention practice are described. Recommendations for clinical research and usage for the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendment of 1986 (Public Law 99-457) are included.