Mucosal plasminogen activator activity in peptic ulcer disease.
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Gastric Mucosa↗
Biomedical subjects
P Cooper
Publications and source records attributed to P Cooper.
An EPR investigation of spin-labelled erythrocytes as a diagnostic technique for malignant hyperthermia.
Spin labelled (7-, 12- and 16- doxylsteric (DS) acid) erythrocyte (red blood cell) membranes isolated from six malignant hyperthermia susceptible (MHS) and six malignant hyperthermia normal (MHN) volunteer donors were characterized using the order parameter (S) and rotational correlation time (tau r) determined from 37 degrees C, 9 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. These parameters were found to decrease due to the increasing fluidization of the membrane as the halothane and benzyl alcohol sample concentration is increased and that significant differences exist in the values of S and tau r between the MHS and MHN sample groups, but that the differences in these parameters between the presence and absence of an external fluidizing agent are not significant for both sample groups. In the absence of these fluidizing agents, the mean values and standard errors of S at 37 degrees C for MHS and MHN are 0.643(2) and 0.652(3) for 7-DS, 0.554(2) and 0.563(3) for 12-DS, respectively, and of tau r are 2.139(12) and 2.223(13) ns for 16-DS, respectively. The values of S and tau r are significantly smaller for the MHS group than for the MHN group contrary to some previous reports. These observations revise and extend previous reports and show that the observed values of S and tau r in the absence of a fluidizing agent depend on the erythrocyte membrane structure in MHS and MHN subjects. They also suggest that the potential to use spin-labelled red blood cells as a screening protocol for MH deserves further investigation.
Benzyl Alcohol↗
Pullout strength comparison of two methods of orienting screw insertion in the lateral masses of the bovine cervical spine.
We undertook a biomechanical study to compare the pullout strength of 3.5-mm AO screws placed in two different orientations within the bovine cervical spine. The first set of screws were oriented obliquely and passed through the lateral mass, as recommended by the AO group. The orientation of the second set was anterior to posterior through the lateral mass, as recommended by Roy-Camille. All screw holes were drilled and tapped by a spinal surgeon experienced with both techniques. Pullout force was measured on an Instron materials testing machine using a self-centering screw-holding chuck and loading rate of 0.833 mm/sec. Although the bone strength in the Roy-Camille orientation was greater (46.7 N/mm versus 36.1 N/mm, p < 0.05), the overall mean pullout force for the AO orientation was greater (607 N versus 471 N, p < 0.025) due to the longer length of bone available for screw purchase (17.0 mm versus 10.3 mm).
Animals↗
Management of women with a cervical smear showing a mild degree of dyskaryosis: a review of policy.
Three hundred and thirty-seven women who presented for the first time with a cervical smear showing a mild degree of dyskaryosis were followed for a minimum period of 3 years and 9 months. Of the 305 women with complete cytological and histological records, 178 were biopsied and 127 remained on cytological follow up. In the biopsied group one case of microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed within 1 year of the patient's first abnormal smear. A further 24% showed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, 17% showed CIN II and 29% showed CIN III. The overall regression rate for the group of 305 women was 34%. Our results indicate that cytological surveillance is acceptable provided that biopsy is advised when dyskaryosis persists. No major modifications to laboratory policy are indicated and in approximately 34% of cases an unnecessary hospital referral would be avoided.
Adult↗
The management of acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis (croup): a consensus view.
The management of croup relies upon the traditional clinical skills of observation and examination. Parental involvement is essential and the appropriate reassurance of the patient is important. Endotracheal intubation is required only in a small percentage of children whose airway is compromised to such a degree as to produce fatigue and/or near occlusion.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
Erythrocyte membrane fluidity in malignant hyperthermia.
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare but serious complication of general anesthesia that potentially carries a high mortality and morbidity. It is associated with excessive release of calcium into skeletal muscle following exposure to certain drugs, including the volatile general anesthetics. Since these are recognized membrane fluidizing agents it has been speculated that this condition might represent a generalized defect in membrane physical properties either at rest or inducible by fluidizing agents. If this hypothesis were found to be correct, malignant hyperthermia might conveniently be detected by examining membrane physical properties of easily accessible cells rather than the cumbersome method of muscle biopsy currently employed. To test this hypothesis we identified patients proven to be susceptible to MH by muscle biopsy and a cohort of patients not susceptible to MH as defined by negative muscle biopsy testing. Erythrocytes were isolated from both groups and membrane physical properties examined using conventional, widely available, steady-state fluorescence polarization techniques. Erythrocyte membranes were evaluated with multiple probes both in the basal condition and following fluidization with either increasing temperature or two concentrations of a fluidizing alcohol. We report, contrary to previous publications, that no discernable differences were detectable between MH-positive or negative patients. Thus, we find no evidence for a generalized membrane defect in MH and conclude that the determination of erythrocyte membrane physical properties, by these techniques, are of no use in the preoperative screening for this disorder.
Benzyl Alcohol↗
Conservation of position and exclusive expression of mouse Xist from the inactive X chromosome.
X-chromosome inactivation in mammals is a regulatory phenomenon whereby one of the two X chromosomes in female cells is genetically inactivated, resulting in dosage compensation for X-linked genes between males and females. In both man and mouse, X-chromosome inactivation is thought to proceed from a single cis-acting switch region or inactivation centre (XIC/Xic). In the human, XIC has been mapped to band Xq13 (ref. 6) and in the mouse to band XD (ref. 7), and comparative mapping has shown that the XIC regions in the two species are syntenic. The recently described human XIST gene maps to the XIC region and seems to be expressed only from the inactive X chromosome. We report here that the mouse Xist gene maps to the Xic region of the mouse X chromosome and, using an interspecific Mus spretus/Mus musculus domesticus F1 hybrid mouse carrying the T(X;16)16H translocation, show that Xist is exclusively expressed from the inactive X chromosome. Conservation between man and mouse of chromosomal position and unique expression exclusively from the inactive X chromosome lends support to the hypothesis that XIST and its mouse homologue are involved in X-chromosome inactivation.
Animals↗
Bilateral chylothorax.
A 2.5-kg female developed bilateral chylothoraces 10 days after surgery for coarctation of the aorta. Initial conservative management consisted of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, drainage of chylous fluid and enteral feeding, but there was no diminution in loss of chyle. Ligation of the thoracic duct and pleurectomy were performed subsequently to reduce the large daily losses of chyle, amounting to nearly three times the child's circulating blood volume. Brawny oedema of the right upper quadrant of the body developed rapidly after the duct ligation and right pleurectomy. A further period of conservative treatment was required before the latter complication resolved. The literature relating to this iatrogenic complication and to fluid and nutritional losses in paediatric chylothorax is reviewed and discussed.
Aortic Coarctation↗
Prolactin reduction after combined therapy for prolactin macroadenomas.
The ability of surgery or bromocriptine to produce endocrine control of a prolactin macroadenoma decreases as the prolactin level increases. Guidelines for the use of multimodality therapy have not been developed for tumors associated with markedly elevated prolactin levels. We reviewed the records of 21 patients with prolactin levels greater than 200 ng/ml treated by transsphenoidal surgery and postoperative radiotherapy with or without a dopamine agonist. Values before and after treatment were available for 19 patients (13 men and 6 women). The mean basal prolactin level before treatment for the entire group was 2410 ng/ml. Surgery and radiotherapy resulted in a 90% reduction and serum prolactin levels within normal limits in 0 of 7 patients, versus the combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and dopamine agonist, which resulted in a 99.5% reduction and values within the normal range in 12 of 12 patients. Spontaneous physiological improvement was not often observed. One woman and two men were able subsequently to have children. A plan for these patients is discussed.
Adenoma↗
Profile of prostanoid release following antigen challenge in vivo in the skin of man.
We have previously characterized the kinetics of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) production at cutaneous sites of allergic inflammation employing a blister-chamber model. In this study, a more complete profile of prostaglandins released in vivo was obtained. PGD2 release, as measured by radioimmunoassay and by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was evident within 1 h after antigen challenge with maximal levels occurring 3-4 h post-challenge. The 11-ketoreductase metabolite of PGD2, 9 alpha, 11 beta-prostaglandin F2 was present in blister fluid from three of six patients at the time of maximal levels of PGD2. The stable non-enzymatic hydrolysis product of prostacyclin, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, was significantly elevated in blister fluid from five of six patients following antigen challenge. In these subjects, the levels of 6 kappa-PGF1 alpha were highest in samples obtained 1 and 2 h after antigen challenge and remained significantly elevated until 5 h post-challenge. Levels of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2 alpha and thromboxane B2 did not vary significantly. These studies suggest that following antigen challenge two fatty-acid cyclo-oxygenase products of arachidonic acid are released, PGD2 and prostacyclin. The 11-ketoreductase metabolism of PGD2 to 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2 could represent a mechanism by which the biological effects of PGD2 are prolonged in cutaneous tissue. The presence of 6 kappa-PGF1 alpha in the blister fluid suggests that significant prostacyclin release occurs as the result of antigen challenge and could represent a mechanism by which the prolonged microvascular response in cutaneous tissue may occur.
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
Increased incidence of cervical cytological abnormalities in women with genital warts or contact with genital warts: a need for increased vigilance?
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether women who have a history of genital warts or whose sexual partners have such a history were more likely to have borderline or dyskaryotic cervical smears than other women. DESIGN: Prospective study conducted over a five month period. SETTING: A genitourinary medicine clinic in Cambridge, UK. PATIENTS: One hundred and eighty five women who attended the clinic during the study period, on whom cervical cytology was performed. Ninety-seven had a history of genital warts and twenty had partners with genital warts. METHODS: Cervical cytology taken by standard methods. Demographic data and sexual history obtained by questionnaire. Colposcopy was performed on patients with a history of warts or wart contact. OUTCOME MEASURED: Relative incidence of cytological abnormalities in the various groups of patients. RESULTS: "Borderline" nuclear change was the most frequent abnormality reported in the wart contact group (six cases) whereas mild dyskaryosis was the most frequent abnormal finding in those women with a history of warts (21 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Women with warts or contact with genital warts were more likely to have borderline or dyskaryotic cervical smears than women without such a history. Recommendations for follow-up of these patients are made.
Adult↗
Extracranial repair of cerebrospinal fluid otorhinorrhea.
Forty-eight patients with cerebrospinal fluid leaks comprise this retrospective study. There were 39 traumatic and 9 spontaneous leaks. Nine patients were initially managed with bed rest and spinal drainage, but 3 patients in this group ultimately required surgical intervention for repair of their persistent leaks. Thirty-nine patients had surgery as initial therapy, with 33 extracranial repairs, 2 intracranial repairs, and 4 combined approaches. The extracranial approach was used in 36 of 42 patients, with an initial success rate of 86%.
Adolescent↗
Candida albicans osteomyelitis in a patient with avascular necrosis of the hip.
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Adolescent↗
Fractures of the spine in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.
Fractures of the spine in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) have rarely been reported. Only four cases could be found in the world literature. Eight new cases with nine fractures are reported in this study. The critical features are the frequent delays in diagnosis (three of eight patients) and the high rate of immediate and delayed neurologic deficit (seven of eight patients). Two fracture patterns occurred in this group. The first type occurred through the midportion of an ankylosed segment of the spine and involved the vertebral body (five fractures). The second type occurred at the top or bottom of a fused segment (four fractures). The latter were disk disruptions or odontoid fractures. This is a marked difference from spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis, in which the majority are transdiskal fractures. The difference can be explained on the basis of the different pathology of these two disease processes. Careful evaluation of patients with DISH who sustain trauma is critical. Treatment of this rare injury should be early stabilization of the spine to avoid complications of nonunion, deformity, neurologic injury, and death.
Aged↗
Childhood asthma: application of the international view of management in Australia and New Zealand.
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Administration, Inhalation↗