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Biomedical subjects

P Costiloe

Publications and source records attributed to P Costiloe.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Smoking in pregnancy: relation of birth weight to maternal plasma carotene and cholesterol levels.

Not all mothers who smoke during pregnancy deliver small infants. Nutritional supplementation during pregnancy apparently protects the fetuses of some mothers. Our previous studies showed that plasma levels of carotene and cholesterol were correlated with birth weight. The present study examined the association between mid-pregnancy plasma levels of carotene and cholesterol and subsequent birth weight. In a prospective study of 388 women (47.8% smokers), levels of plasma nutrients and demographic and anthropometric measurements were obtained at 19 and 36 weeks' gestation and related to indices of infant size at birth. In non-smokers, the level of plasma cholesterol at mid-pregnancy correlated positively with birth weight. In contrast, in mothers who smoked more than ten cigarettes daily, the relationship of cholesterol to birth weight was dependent on the simultaneously observed level of plasma carotene. When plasma cholesterol and carotene concentrations were both low at mid-pregnancy, birth weight was low. On the other hand, when the carotene level was high and the cholesterol level low, birth weight was at least equivalent to that of non-smokers. The interactive effect of smoking, cholesterol, and carotene on birth weight was significant (P = .017) after adjusting for gestational age, sex, prenatal care, race, previous low birth weight infants, parity, weight at mid-pregnancy, and total weight gain during pregnancy. Among smokers, the smallest infants were born to mothers having the greatest decrease in plasma carotene between 19-36 weeks' gestation. Smokers whose plasma carotene remained constant or increased had larger infants; a similar association was not observed for cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1985

Objective comparison of physical dysfunction after neck dissection.

Thirty-five patients who underwent a total of 44 neck dissections of various types were prospectively studied to compare differences in postoperative shoulder function. Those who underwent a radical neck dissection suffered the greatest reduction in shoulder movement and had severely abnormal electromyograms. Those who underwent modified neck dissection with preservation of the spinal accessory nerve suffered less loss of shoulder function than the radical neck dissection group, but not to a significant degree at 16 weeks; however, the electromyograms of patients who underwent modified neck dissection were significantly better than those of the radical neck dissection group, which suggests that these patients may improve with time. Indeed, a reevaluation of several patients at 1 year showed improvement in both shoulder function and electromyograms in those who underwent modified neck dissection. Patients who underwent supraomohyoid neck dissection that involved minimal dissection of the spinal accessory nerve had minimal loss of shoulder function and usually, normal electromyograms at 16 weeks that documented less injury to the spinal accessory nerve. Again, these patients had improvement with time. A correlational analysis revealed that the physical parameters correlated well with the electromyographic findings, whereas each patient's perception of disability did not. These findings suggest that, in patients in whom it is oncologically sound, a neck dissection that spares the spinal accessory nerve offers significant benefit in terms of shoulder function.

Accessory Nerve↗
PubMed1985

Effect of food supplementation (WIC) during pregnancy on birth weight.

Of 824 women screened, 410 were enrolled at midpregnancy in a prospective, randomized, controlled nutrition intervention study. Of these, 226 were predicted as likely to have small or large babies, 184 to have average-sized babies. Two hundred thirty eight mothers received USDA Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Food Supplementation vouchers from midpregnancy, 172 did not. Leukocyte protein synthesis (as a cell model) was significantly higher (p = 0.009) by 36 weeks gestation in supplemented mothers. Mean birth weight of their babies was greater, 3254 vs 3163 g, (+91 g) p = 0.039, adjusted for sex, gestational age, prenatal visits, pregnancy interval, smoking, and previous low birth weight infants. Controlling for entry weight obviated the significance of the difference, except for WIC supplemented smokers (greater than 10 cigarettes/day) whose babies were significantly heavier by +168 g (p = 0.017) than those of unsupplemented smokers. WIC partially protects fetal growth in smokers.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1976

Kinetic properties of pyruvate kinase in human maternal leukocytes in fetal malnutrition.

Pyruvate kinase (PK) is one of the regulatory enzymes in glycolysis. The present study was undertaken to determine whether regulation of the enzyme by normally occurring metabolites was disturbed in leukocytes of mothers who delivered fetally malnourished (FM) babies. Kinetic studies of enzyme regulation by physiologic effectors approximated a potential regulating mechanism of the enzyme in its cellular environment. There are two isoenzymes of PK. Leukocytes contain an M2 enzyme with intermediate regulatory properties between the liver (type L) and the muscle (type M) enzymes. The presence in the cell of M2 PK in the A form leads to inhibition of glycolysis by amino acids, such as alanine, and therefore, to the sparing of glucose but probably inhibition of energy production from glucose. In this study, leukocytes were isolated from blood of six pregnant women and 11 women in the postpartum period in Oklahoma and at parturition from 31 women in Mexico. Fourteen of the latter group delivered FM babies. The kinetic characteristics of the nonpurified enzyme PK with respect to allosteric modulation in fructose-1, 6-phosphate (FDP) and L-alanine (Ala) were studied in the leukocyte extracts. Data for initial reaction velocities (v) vs substrate concentrations (s), double reciprocal Lineweaver-Burk plots, and Hill plots are presented. The equations for the double reciprocal plots were determined by linear regression analysis. The enzyme constants were derived by computer, and the values compared by the Mann-Whitney U-test. In all subjects studied, 0.5 mM FDP activated and 2 mM L-alanine inhibited the enzyme. During pregnancy, the v vs s concentration curves were hyperbolic (Hill coefficient, n is less than 1.0) except for the Ala-inhibited enzyme during pregnancy, which had a sigmoid curve, n=1.54. The interaction of FDP and Ala was dependent on the concentration of the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) at low [PEP]. There was net activation, not inhibition, at high concentrations; the switchover was at 0.5 mM PEP during pregnancy. In Mexican mothers having normal babies (normal mothers) the maximum initial velocity, V (micromoles per min per mg of DNA), with respect to PEP, was 2.22+/-0.34; in FM mothers, V was 2.01+/-0.44. With respect to binding of the substrate, PEP, V of the leukocyte enzymes in FM mothers vs normal mothers was equally inhibited by Ala (deltaV=-50% vs -47%), but was significantly less responsive to stimulation by FDP (deltaV=+10% vs +75%). When both Ala and FDP were present, FDP less effectively overcame the inhibition by Ala (deltaV=-9% vs +54%). The K0.05 of the enzyme (molar concentration X 10(-4) PEP) was significantly reduced by FDP, whether Ala was present or not, during pregnancy and in the postpartum period in leukocytes of Oklahoma mothers and at term in Mexican mothers. The K0.5 for normal and FM mothers was similar. Thus, the enzyme in leukocytes of Mexican mothers who delivered FM and normal babies exhibited different kinetic responses to the allosteric modulators...

Alanine↗