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P Dale

Publications and source records attributed to P Dale.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Genetic epidemiological study of schizophrenia in Palau, Micronesia: prevalence and familiality.

We are studying the genetic etiology of schizophrenia in the Republic of Palau, a remote island nation in Micronesia that has been geographically and ethnically isolated for approximately 2,000 years. The first epidemiological phase sought to estimate the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia and evaluate the familiality of the illness based on complete ascertainment of cases and families segregating schizophrenia. A total of 160 strictly defined cases of schizophrenia were ascertained in a population of 13,750 adults who were 15 years of age and older. The lifetime prevalence of strictly defined schizophrenia in Palau was 1.99% overall and 2.77% in males vs. 1.24% in females. This greater than 2:1 male-to-female risk ratio for schizophrenia was accompanied by an earlier mean age of onset for males (23.3 years) than for females (27.5 years). These 160 cases of strict schizophrenia represent 59 separate families each identified by a single common founder. Eleven of these families have 5 to 14 cases and represent nearly half of the strict schizophrenia cases in Palau. Although schizophrenia is clearly aggregating in these 11 families, cases are distributed sparsely throughout the large sibships. In the entire sample of 160 cases of strict schizophrenia, there were only 11 sib-pairs and 2 sib-trios. When a family was defined to include third-degree relatives, only 11 cases (6.9%) were nonfamilial. The majority of the ascertained cases can be linked together into extended pedigrees with complex multilineal inheritance patterns. These intricately interconnected families may pose challenges for traditional linkage techniques. However, these Palauan families represent a valuable resource for studying the genetic etiology of schizophrenia because there may be fewer susceptibility genes for schizophrenia in this genetic isolate than in the heterogeneous populations that are common throughout the world today.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

On memories of childhood abuse: a phenomenological study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the phenomenon of memories and reported recovered memories of childhood abuse, and to examine ways in which clients and therapists assess the veridicality of such memories. METHOD: Qualitative methodology utilizing phenomenological inquiry. Within the context of a wider study exploring perceptions of helpful and unhelpful factors in the therapeutic process, a sub-sample of 36 in-depth interviews with clients, therapists, and therapists who considered themselves to have been abused as children included a focus on abuse-memory experiences. Data were analyzed according to Grounded Theory principles. RESULTS: Participants described six types of abuse-memory experiences. The most frequently reported type was where abuse was known about but kept "out of mind." The six types can be collapsed into three main categories: (1) continual knowledge of abuse (69.5%); (2) unexpected abuse-memories recovered from a prior state of partial knowledge of abuse (16.5%); and (3) abuse-memories recovered from a prior state of no knowledge of abuse (30%). Independent corroboration of recovered memories was rare; and criteria which were reportedly used to assess the veridicality of such memories were problematic when viewed in the light of cognitive psychology research on memory processes. CONCLUSION: It seems that most people who were abused as children have always had continual knowledge of this, although it is often only much later than many connect problems in adult life with the consequences of such abuse. People also experience the recovery of memories of abuse about which they were previously unaware. There is a danger that the specific controversy surrounding "false memories" may become over-generalized contributing to increased public scepticism about the prevalence and negative impact of child abuse, and the potential effectiveness of appropriate therapeutic services.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Evidence for a chromosome 2p13-14 schizophrenia susceptibility locus in families from Palau, Micronesia.

A large multiplex schizophrenia pedigree ascertained from the Micronesian nation of Palau was genotyped with 406 microsatellite DNA markers evenly distributed throughout the genome. Assuming autosomal dominant inheritance, the highest genome-wide lod scores were found for DNA loci mapping to 2p13-14; the maximum lod score was 2.17 (theta = 0.05) at D2S441. A nonparametric APM analysis was also suggestive at D2S441 (APM score = 2.96, P = 0.011). Of the 14 affected cases in this extended family, eight share a large haplotype in this region spanning approximately 11 cM. When 16 other families containing 65 schizophrenic cases were typed in a follow-up study of this region, the maximum lod score remained positive (maximum at D2S441 1.69, theta = 0.20). APM results also remained positive at D2S441 for all 17 families (APM score = 4.87, P = 0.0006). The linkage and haplotype sharing results provide suggestive evidence for a 2p locus predisposing to schizophrenia in a subset of families in the Palauan population.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The inhibition of radiation-induced mutagenesis by the combined effects of selenium and the aminothiol WR-1065.

In order to evaluate the anti-mutagenic effects of the potential chemoprotective compounds selenium and (S)-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-1065), CHO AA8 cells were exposed to both compounds either individually or in combination prior to irradiation. Mutation frequency following exposure to 8 Gy was evaluated by quantitation of the mutations detected at the hprt locus of these cells. Protection against radiation-induced mutation was observed for both 30 nM sodium selenite or 4 mM WR-1065. In addition, the protection against mutation induction provided by the combination of these agents appeared additive. In contrast, sodium selenite did not provide protection against radiation toxicity when provided either alone or in conjunction with WR-1065. In order to evaluate the possible mechanisms of the anti-mutagenic effects observed in these cells, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was evaluated following exposure to the chemopreventative compounds. The addition of sodium selenite to the culture media resulted in a 5-fold increase in GPx activity, which was unaltered by the presence of the WR-1065. Northern analysis of RNA derived from these cells indicated that selenium supplementation resulted in a marginal increase in the mRNA for the cytosolic GPx (GSHPx-1) which was insufficient to account for the stimulation of GPx activity observed in cellular extracts. These results suggest that selenium and WR-1065 offer protection via independent mechanisms and that GPx stimulation remains a possible mechanism of the anti-mutagenic effect of selenium.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Factors influencing the emigration of physicians from Canada to the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether location of postgraduate medical training and other factors are associated with the emigration of physicians from Canada to the United States. DESIGN: Case-control study, physicians were surveyed with the use of a questionnaire mailed in May 1994 (with a reminder sent in September 1994), responses to which were accepted until Dec. 31, 1994. PARTICIPANTS: Physicians randomly selected from the CMA database, 4000 with addresses in Canada and 4000 with current addresses in the United States and previous addresses in Canada. OUTCOME MEASURES: Sex, age, location of undergraduate and postgraduate medical training, qualifications, practice location, opinions concerning residence decisions, current satisfaction and plans. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 49.6% (50.0% among physicians in the United States and 49.2% among those in Canada). Age and sex distributions were similar among the 8000 questionnaire recipients and the nearly 4000 respondents. Physicians living in the United States were more likely to be older (mean 53.2 v. 49.6 years of age), male (87% v. 75%) and specialists (79% v. 52%) than those practising in Canada. Postgraduate training in the United States was associated with subsequent emigration (odds ratio 9.2, 95% confidence interval 7.8 to 10.7). However, in rating the importance of nine factors in the decision to emigrate or remain in Canada, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the rating assigned to location of postgraduate training. Professional factors rated most important by most physicians in both groups were professional/clinical autonomy, availability of medical facilities and job availability. Remuneration was considered an equally important factor by those in Canada and in the United States. Six of seven personal/family factors were rated as more important to their choice of practice location by respondents in Canada than by those in the United States. Current satisfaction was significantly higher among respondents in the United States. Most physicians in each group planned to continue practising at their current location. Of Canadian respondents, 22% indicated that they were more likely to move to the United States than they were a year beforehand, whereas 4% of US respondents indicated that they were more likely to return to Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Factors affecting the decision to move to the United States or remain in Canada can be categorized as "push" factors (e.g., government involvement) and "pull" factors (e.g., better geographic climate in the US). Factors can also be categorized by whether they are amenable to change (e.g., availability of medical facilities) or cannot be managed (e.g., proximity of relatives). An understanding of the reasons why physicians immigrate to the United States or remain in Canada is essential to planning physician resources nationally.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Thiol and disulfide metabolites of the radiation protector and potential chemopreventive agent WR-2721 are linked to both its anti-cytotoxic and anti-mutagenic mechanisms of action.

The ability of the potential chemopreventive agent S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) to protect against radiation-induced mutagenesis at the hprt locus and cell killing was studied using CHO-AA8 cells incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C in growth medium containing its active thiol 2-[(aminopropyl)amino]ethane-thiol (WR-1065). In parallel experiments, the thiol and disulfide forms of the drug present in cells and incubation medium were determined in order to identify which, if either, of the components were associated with the observed protective effects. Treatment with 4 mM WR-1065 produced significant intracellular levels of the thiol (WRSH) and disulfide (WRSS) forms of the drug, but also caused dramatic elevation of cellular glutathione (GSH) and cysteine levels, accompanied by marked protection against 60Co gamma-photon- and neutron-induced cell killing and mutagenesis. When drug-treated cells were transferred to drug-free medium and incubated for 4 h at 37 degrees C, levels of WRSH and WRSS and protection against cell killing decreased markedly, whereas levels of GSH and cysteine and protection against mutagenesis showed little change. GSH and cysteine levels were not associated with protection against radiation-induced mutagenesis, as established by experiments performed with buthionine sulfoximine to block GSH synthesis. These data do not support the hypothesis that modulation of GSH or cysteine levels by WR-1065 is a major mechanism accounting for protection. Protection against mutagenesis was seen for cells incubated in medium with concentrations of added WR-1065 as low as 10 microM, where cellular levels of WRSH and WRSS became difficult to measure (< or = 5 microM) and no protection against cell killing was found. An unexpected observation was that cells incubated in 40 microM WR-1065 incorporated the drug much more rapidly than expected for uptake by passive diffusion and concentrated the drug to a marked degree; this indicates that a cell-mediated transport system is involved in the uptake of WR-1065 at low drug concentrations.

Amifostine↗
PubMed1995

Does the number of trainees in a postgraduate training program influence the pass rates on certifying examinations?

We tested the hypothesis that small training programs (3 or fewer residents) lack the "critical mass" needed for an optimal learning experience, and thus graduates of small programs will have a lower pass rate on the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) certifying exams that graduates of large (10 or more residents) training programs. Pass rates on the RCPSC certifying exams (written and oral) were compared to the training program size for each of 6 years from 1984/85 to 1989/90 within 10 of the 43 RCPSC (sub)specialties selected by meeting predefined program size requirements. These 10 specialties met the size variation requirements needed to test the hypothesis: neurology, cardiology, emergency medicine, community medicine, neurosurgery, urology, plastic surgery, dermatology, anatomical pathology, and respiratory medicine. Of these, 3 specialties had a significantly lower written exam pass rate for candidates trained in small compared to large programs. The same 3 specialties (neurology, neurosurgery, and community medicine) had a higher proportion of International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in small training programs. The significantly lower pass rate of IMGs, compared to Canadian/USA graduates, accounted for a portion of the correlation of small program size with lower pass rates in these 3 specialties. By pooling the results from the 10 specialties evaluated, candidates from small (3 or fewer residents) training programs have slightly lower pass rates (11%) on written certification examinations compared to candidates from large (10 or more residents) training programs. This small but statistically significant effect on the pooled results was due to averaging of a more marked program size effect from 3 of the 10 specialties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Canada↗
PubMed1994

Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of early vocabulary.

Results are reported for stylistic and developmental aspects of vocabulary composition for 1,803 children and families who participated in the tri-city norming of a new parental report instrument, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. We replicate previous studies with small samples showing extensive variation in use of common nouns between age 0; 8 and 1;4 (i.e. 'referential style'), and in the proportion of vocabulary made up of closed-class words between 1;4 and 2;6 (i.e. 'analytic' vs. 'holistic' style). However, both style dimensions are confounded with developmental changes in the composition of the lexicon, including three 'waves' of reorganization: (I) an initial increase in percentage of common nouns from 0 to 100 words, followed by a proportional decrease; (2) a slow linear increase in verbs and other predicates, with the greatest gains taking place between 100 and 400 words; (3) no proportional development at all in the use of closed-class vocabulary between 0 and 400 words, followed by a sharp increase from 400 to 680 words. When developmental changes in noun use are controlled, referential-style measures do not show the association with developmental precocity reported in previous studies, although these scores are related to maternal education. By contrast, when developmental changes in grammatical function word use are controlled, high closed-class scores are associated with a slower rate of development. We suggest that younger children may have less perceptual acuity and/or shorter memory spans than older children with the same vocabulary size. As a result, the younger children may ignore unstressed function words until a later point in development while the older children tend to reproduce perceptual details that they do not yet understand. Longitudinal data show that early use of function words (under 400 words) is not related to grammatical levels after the 400-word point, confirming our 'stylistic' interpretation of early closed-class usage. We close with recommendations for the unconfounding of stylistic and developmental variance in research on individual differences in language development, and provide look-up tables that will permit other investigators to pull these aspects apart.

Child Language↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a clinical score for prognostic stratification of elderly stroke patients.

Orpington Prognostic Score (OPS) is a clinically derived score which incorporates measures of motor deficit, proprioception, balance and cognition. OPS and urinary continence were measured prospectively in 217 stroke survivors over 75 years of age at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after stroke and were correlated with dependence at discharge. Three levels of dependence were defined based on personal self-care abilities. OPS ranged from 2.0 to 3.2 (median 2.8) at 2 weeks after stroke in patients independent at discharge (n = 54). Their initial median Barthel index of 4 improved by a median of 12. Urinary continence was achieved in 95% of these patients by 2 weeks. All patients were discharged home, 39 (72%) within 4 weeks. Patients with limited dependence at discharge (n = 129) had OPS of 3.2-4.8 (median 4.0) at 2 weeks. Two-thirds were continent at 2 weeks. Their initial median Barthel index was 2 and changed by a median of 12. Seventy-one (55%) of these patients went home. OPS ranged from 5.2 to 6.8 (median 6.0) at 2 weeks in patients dependent at discharge (n = 34). About 20% of these patients were continent. Their initial median Barthel index of 2 improved by a median of 6 at discharge. Only five (15%) patients in this group went home. OPS was comparable with urinary incontinence for sensitivity (96% vs. 90%), specificity (36% vs. 39%) and accuracy (75% vs. 66%) in identifying stroke patients achieving independent living. OPS had a greater predictive value than urinary incontinence in identifying patients requiring institutional care (82% vs. 57%). OPS is a simple objective predictor of outcome in elderly stroke patients, suitable for everyday clinical use. It also can facilitate stroke research by identifying a 'middle group' of patients who would be most sensitive to changes in therapy or organization of stroke services.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

The effects of Arthritis Society fellowships on career choice.

OBJECTIVE: To find out if The Arthritis Society (TAS) fellowship grants influenced career choice or career development. METHODS: Two hundred former TAS training fellowship recipients (1975-1990 inclusive) were sent a questionnaire to evaluate the effects of TAS clinical or research fellowship support on their subsequent career development. RESULTS: One hundred and forty (70%) completed questionnaires were returned by 88 clinical and 37 research fellowship recipients--a further 17 had received both a clinical and a research fellowship. Fifty-one percent of the respondents are now academic rheumatologists, 40% in community practice and 9% still in training. Seventy-three percent of the research fellowship recipients currently receive research grant support, compared to 16% of the former clinical fellowship recipients. Seventy-one percent agreed that their TAS fellowship support had "directly or indirectly influenced or facilitated their chosen career path"--this included 100% of the research fellowship recipients, compared to 55% of the clinical fellowship recipients. The majority decided on an academic or a community based career path during their postgraduate training. Fourteen percent who trained for an academic career are now in community practice and 9% who planned on a community based career later became academic rheumatologists. Eighty-nine respondents (64%) enclosed a CV. This subset was further analyzed using career markers such as academic rank, number and size of research grants and number of publications. In this subset those who had received both a clinical and a research fellowship had the most advanced academic rank (22% full professor), largest number of publications (n = 39) and largest number of grants (5.3/year; average $40,446), compared to former research fellowship recipients: 4.0% full professor, 22 publications, 3.2 grants/year; average $25,164. Recipients of clinical fellowships in this subset had lower levels of all the academic career markers. CONCLUSION: Of 200 consecutive TAS fellowship recipients 71% of those responding (n = 140) to a career tracking study agreed that the fellowship support "directly or indirectly" influenced or facilitated their career choice. An apparent synergistic effect of providing both clinical and research fellowships on subsequent development of an academic career deserves further study.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1993

Analysis of a desiccation and ABA-responsive promoter isolated from the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum.

The resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum can recover from severe desiccation within 24 h of contact with water, and it is used as a model system to analyse desiccation tolerance in higher plants. During drying or ABA treatment a specific set of transcripts accumulates rapidly in leaves and other tissues. In order to study transcriptional mechanisms of stress-induced gene expression one gene (CDeT27-45) was selected for promoter analysis. Chimeric gene fusions were constructed of the CDeT27-45 promoter and beta-glucuronidase or luciferase. These constructs were tested in a homologous transient expression system which allowed the identification of promoter elements conferring ABA inducibility. By introducing the chimeric gene fusions into tobacco via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation we found that the promoter activity is under strict tissue-specific and developmental control. In tobacco the promoter was only active in developing embryos and in mature pollen grains-two tissues which are naturally desiccation tolerant in tobacco. The specific temporal expression pattern was attributed to particular 5' upstream sequences. The promoter analysis presented here should allow the separation of important regulatory components as a first step in dissecting events in the signal transduction chain.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed1993

Improving stroke rehabilitation. A controlled study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Assessment of stroke rehabilitation is complicated by the heterogeneity of patients and settings and by difficulties in disentangling effects of organization from effects of types and amounts of treatment input. METHODS: A prospective controlled study was undertaken in 245 stroke patients stratified into three groups according to prognosis and managed on a stroke rehabilitation unit (n = 124) or general medical wards (n = 121). Patients were randomly allocated to either setting 2 weeks after stroke and were comparable for baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Patients on general medical wards received more physiotherapy on average (16.2 +/- 7.2 versus 14.3 +/- 3.2 hours; P < .05) but similar amounts of occupational therapy (9.3 +/- 2.8 versus 9.5 +/- 3.2 hours) compared with stroke unit patients. More time was spent on individual rehabilitation on the stroke unit compared with general wards (P < .001). Functional abilities at discharge, destination of discharge, and length of hospital stay in patients with good prognosis were comparable in both settings. Patients with poor prognosis managed on general wards showed higher mortality (P < .05) and longer hospital stay (123.2 +/- 48.2 versus 52.3 +/- 19.8 days; P < .001), but functional abilities at discharge in survivors were comparable with those of stroke unit patients. Patients with intermediate prognosis had significantly better outcome on the stroke unit, with more patients being discharged home (75% versus 52%; P < .001), shorter average length of hospital stay (48.7 +/- 17.2 versus 104.6 +/- 28.6 days; P < .001), and better functional abilities at discharge (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Stroke units improve outcome and reduce hospital stay without increasing therapy time. Their effectiveness may be enhanced by patient selection.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Adverse effects of low dose methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine (1) the risk of treatment termination for low dose, weekly methotrexate (MTX) therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and (2) the prevalence, nature and predictors of adverse effects due to longterm low dose MTX therapy. METHODS: A 13-year, retrospective survey of all patients with RA receiving low dose MTX therapy was conducted using life table, logistic regression and case control methods of analyses. Major and minor adverse effects were defined. RESULTS: Consecutive patients with RA (144) starting MTX (mean dose 8.2 mg/week) were observed to have a 75% risk of treatment termination at 60 months. Reasons for 81 patients stopping MTX were adverse effects (43), loss/lack of effect (18), other medical and nonmedical reasons (13), and lost to followup (7). Sixty-two patients experienced 83 major adverse events, including gastrointestinal symptoms (29), hepatic enzyme test abnormalities (23), pneumonitis (5) and severe leukopenia (8). Aging was the only predictor of treatment discontinuation associated with a major toxicity. Five patients developed a malignancy during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: In our survey the risk of treatment termination was 75% in patients with RA taking MTX after 60 months. An adverse drug effect is a more common reason for treatment termination (53%), compared to loss/lack of beneficial effect (22%) or other reasons (16%) or lost to followup (9%). Increasing age is associated with an increased risk of treatment termination associated with a major toxicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pancytopenia associated with low dose methotrexate therapy. A regional survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which risk factors are associated with serious pancytopenia associated with low dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy. METHODS: All Ottawa area rheumatologists, hematologists and dermatologists were surveyed to obtain cases of pancytopenia associated with low dose MTX therapy between 1981 and 1991. Pancytopenia was defined as white blood cells < 3.5 x 10(9)/l and platelets < 140 x 10(9)/l and hemoglobin < 100 g/l. A case control method was used to evaluate risk factors. RESULTS: Fifteen cases of pancytopenia were identified from returned questionnaires (93% response rate) and from reviewing the medical records of 2 major teaching hospitals. All patients were hospitalized, had MTX therapy discontinued and were treated: 12 patients received transfusions, 8 leucovorin therapy, and 4 folic acid. Two patients died, only 1 directly due to MTX therapy. Identified risk factors were (1) elevated BUN or creatinine levels, (2) increasing mean corpuscular volume values, (3) increased age and (4) concomitant trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Pancytopenia associated with low dose MTX therapy is a life threatening adverse effect often associated with known risk factors. A change in monitoring guidelines and patient education are suggested as means of risk reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Protection against AZT-induced mutagenesis at the HGPRT locus in a human cell line by WR-151326.

The anti-AIDS agent, AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine), is mutagenic in a cultured human hepatoma cell line designated HepG2 at the HGPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) locus. Using an exposure time of 3 hr, the number of mutants per 10(6) surviving cells increased as a function of AZT dose from 125 to 520. Chinese hamster ovary cells, in contrast, are not affected with respect to this endpoint when similar concentrations of AZT are used (i.e., 0.1 to 10 mg/ml). The aminothiol WR-151326 [3-(3-methylaminopropylamino) propanethiol dihydrochloride] was evaluated as a possible antimutagen for use with AZT. At a concentration of 4 mM, WR-151326 was added either concomitantly or following exposure of HepG2 cells to a 5 mg/ml concentration of AZT. Regardless of the treatment condition, WR-151326 was effective in reducing the mutagenic effects of AZT by about a factor of 2. Correcting for background mutations, the mutation frequencies determined were: AZT only for 3 hr, 110 x 10(-6) (S.E.M. +/- 6.0 x 10(-6)); AZT together with WR-151326 for 3 hr, 57 x 10(-6) (S.E.M. +/- 3.0 x 10(-6)); and AZT for 3 hr followed by WR-151326 for 3 hr, 68 x 10(-6) (S.E.M. +/- 5.0 x 10(-6)). This study demonstrates that AZT is mutagenic to a cell line of human origin and that WR-151326 can protect against this mutagenic process.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

In vitro vs in vivo corrosion analyses of two alloys.

The in vitro and in vivo corrosion characteristics of two alloys, cast Co-Cr-Mo (ASTM F75) and wrought Ni-Cr-Mo, were evaluated using electro-chemical corrosion analysis. Two in vitro electrolytic solutions were utilized, an isotonic saline solution consisting of 0.9 w/o NaCl in distilled water and an isotonic saline solution with 10 v/o sterile calf serum. The in vivo environment was created by implanting cylindrically shaped specimens of each alloy into the back muscles of New Zealand white rabbits. Cyclic anodic and cathodic polarization curves were generated for the three test conditions and subsequently were compared. Anodic curves conducted using the isotonic saline and isotonic saline plus serum electrolyte solutions were very similar to the anodic curves generated for the implanted alloy specimens for both alloys. The corrosion rates predicted from the in vitro and in vivo cathodic polarization curves were not statistically different for the three test conditions. Overall, the corrosion data generated using the in vitro environmental conditions adequately predicted the in vivo corrosion behavior of the cast Co-Cr-Mo and wrought Ni-Cr-Mo alloys.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A model of intervention in child-abusing families: a wider systems view.

This paper describes the application of some principles, taken from the modern psychotherapies by a therapeutic team, to the assessment and treatment of serious child abuse. Factors and dilemmas identified from the assessment and decision-making process are outlined, with particular reference to the roles of the various statutory and community agencies involved with such families. The paper demonstrates the ways in which the range of community and professional agencies may play a pathological role, unintentionally contributing to and maintaining child-abusing dynamics in families. The significance of dangerous unintended consequences of well-meaning agency interventions and of covert interagency activities are stressed.

Child↗