Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to P Emily.
Complete endodontic evaluation should diagnose endodontic involvement, provide a treatment plan, and evaluate the true success or failure probabilities. Evaluation of the age, physical and oral health of the patient, the endodontic anatomy, clinical and radiographic findings can provide a treatment plan and a predictable prognosis.
Modern feline malocclusion is the result of altered dento-facial proportions from the normal occlusion. The development of the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic head types has resulted in displaced dentition with accompanying soft-tissue trauma.
The diagnosis of endodontic lesions in animal dentistry is complicated and restricted by the use of objective diagnostic procedures. Human endodontics uses subjective symptoms to a large degree, as well as objective symptoms. Subjective symptoms include patient pain; sensitivity to hot or cold; percussion; and foul taste or odor. Veterinary dentists must receive input from clients, as well as using their own clinical and radiographic evaluation. Many endodontic lesions remain undetected because the client fails to notice broken or discolored teeth, facial swelling, drooling, difficulty in chewing, chewing only on one side, and general malaise. An increased awareness of the endodontic problems that can occur in animals increases the level of veterinary care. Numerous techniques, including apexogenesis, apexification, direct and indirect pulp capping, and conventional and surgical endodontic therapy, can be used to treat various endodontic problems successfully.
Veterinary dental restorative problems, although not as involved as those in human dentistry, can be very technique sensitive and difficult to resolve. The resolution of particular problems usually depends on the choice and imagination or inventiveness of the operator. Restorative problems are usually those of a mechanical or iatrogenic nature rather than medical or pathologic. The restoration of the coronal aspect of endodontically treated teeth, teeth with carious lesions, coronal defects, and missing teeth constitute the bulk of restorative problems.
In this article, the parallel and bisecting angle techniques for proper intraoral radiography will be discussed, as will equipment, film type, technical values, and film processing.
The author considers materials, methods, and techniques used in restorative dentistry. Information about components of cavity preparation, common equipment for restorative work, restorative materials, enamel bonding technique, pin retention, and indirect and direct pulp capping is presented.