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Biomedical subjects

P Frosch

Publications and source records attributed to P Frosch.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Deodorants: an experimental provocation study with cinnamic aldehyde.

BACKGROUND: Axillary dermatitis is common and overrepresented in individuals with contact allergy to fragrances. Many individuals suspect their deodorants to be the incriminating products. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the significance of cinnamic aldehyde in deodorants for the development of axillary dermatitis when used by individuals with and without contact allergy to cinnamic aldehyde. METHODS: Patch tests with deodorants and ethanol solutions with cinnamic aldehyde, and repeated open application tests with roll-on deodorants without and with cinnamic aldehyde at different concentrations, were performed in 37 patients with dermatitis, 20 without and 17 with contact allergy to cinnamic aldehyde. RESULTS: A repeated open application test with positive findings was noted only in patients hypersensitive to cinnamic aldehyde (P <.001) and only in the axilla to which the deodorants containing cinnamic aldehyde had been applied (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Deodorants containing cinnamic aldehyde in the concentration range 0.01% to 0.32%, used twice daily on healthy skin, can elicit axillary dermatitis within a few weeks.

Acrolein↗
PubMed2001

Fragrance contact dermatitis: a worldwide multicenter investigation (Part II).

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of responses to selected fragrance materials in patients who were fragrance sensitive. 178 patients were evaluated in 8 centers worldwide with a fragrance mix (FM) and 20 other fragrance materials. Reaction to the fragrance mixture (FM) occurred in 78.7% of the subjects. Substances reacting at a rate of 2% or higher included jasmine absolute, geranium oil bourbon, l-citronellol, spearmint oil, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran, omega-6-hexadecenlactone, dimethyltetrahydrobenzaldehyde (isomer mixture), and alpha-amylcinnamaldehyde. These chemicals should be furthur evaluated to corroborate their allergenicity. We are constantly looking for new fragrance allergens to extend the diagnostic capability of the fragrance mix (FM).

Allergens↗
PubMed1999

Contents of fragrance allergens in children's cosmetics and cosmetic-toys.

Fragrances are one of the major causes of allergic contact dermatitis from use of cosmetics. The aim of the current study was to assess the possible exposure of infants and children to fragrance allergens from cosmetic products and "toy-cosmetics". 25 children's cosmetics or toy-cosmetic products were analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Target substances were the fragrance allergens from the fragrance mix and 14 other fragrance substances, most of which have been described as contact allergens. The fragrance mix ingredients were either not present in children's shampoos/shower gels and cream/lotions, or they were present in fairly low concentrations. In hydro-alcoholic products, such as eau de parfum, eau de toilette, several ingredients of the fragrance mix were found: geraniol was present in 7/7 products, hydroxycitronellal in 6/7 and isoeugenol in 2/7 products. Isoeugenol was present in a maximum concentration of 0.07%. In one cosmetic-toy, cinnamic alcohol was present at 3.7% which exceeds the current industry guideline for safe products by a factor of 5. In all types of products other fragrance allergens were frequently found. In conclusion, children are already exposed at an early age to well-known allergens, sometimes at concentrations which are considered to be unsafe. As contact allergy usually persists for life, manufacturers of children's cosmetics should be aware of their special responsibility and apply the highest possible safety standards.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

Deodorants on the European market: quantitative chemical analysis of 21 fragrances.

Deodorants are one of the most frequently used types of cosmetics and side-effects from them are common. Recent studies relate perfume allergy to this type of product. 73 deodorants were analyzed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry for the determination of the contents of 7 wellknown fragrance allergens from the fragrance mix and 14 other commonly used fragrance materials. The deodorants were purchased at retail outlets in 5 European countries. It was found that in general, fragrance mix ingredients were more frequently present in vapo- and aerosol sprays than in roll-on products. The levels of the fragrance mix substances ranged from 0.0001-0.2355%. The products investigated contained cinnamic aldehyde and isoeugenol less frequently (17% and 29% respectively), and eugenol and geraniol most frequently (57% and 76% respectively). The 14 other fragrance materials were found in 40-97% of the deodorants, with hedione and benzyl acetate the most frequently found substances. The concentration of these 14 substances ranged from 0.0001-2.7%. It is concluded that the levels of cinnamic aldehyde and isoeugenol found in the deodorants could prove to be relevant for elicitation of contact dermatitis. No conclusions could be drawn about the other fragrance mix constituents, as threshold levels in sensitized individuals have not been investigated. Furthermore, all of the fragrance materials investigated were frequently found in deodorants and, apart from the fragrance mix ingredients, the extent of problems with sensitization to these fragrance materials is largely unknown.

Acrolein↗
PubMed1998

Deodorants: a clinical provocation study in fragrance-sensitive individuals.

Deodorants are one of the most marketed types of cosmetics and are frequently reported as a cause of dermatitis, particularly among fragrance-sensitive persons. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of deodorants, which had previously caused axillary dermatitis in fragrance-mix-sensitive eczema patients, to provoke reactions on repeated open application tests on the upper arm and in the axillae, and to relate the findings to the content of fragrance-mix constituents in those deodorants. 14 eczema patients performed a 7-day use test with 1 or 2 deodorants that had caused a rash within the last 12 months. 2 applications per day were made in the axilla and simultaneously on a 25 cm2 area on the upper arm. A total of 20 deodorants were tested among the 14 patients. Afterwards, the deodorants were subjected to quantitative chemical analysis identifying constituents of the fragrance mix. 12/20 (60%) deodorants elicited eczema on use testing in the axilla. 8/12 deodorants were positive in the axilla on day (D) 7 and 4 both in the axilla and on the upper arm. 2 of the 4 developed a reaction in the axilla before it developed on the upper arm. Chemical analysis revealed that 18/19 deodorants contained between 1 and 6 of the fragrance-mix constituents, on average 3 being found. The mean concentration of fragrance-mix constituents was generally higher in the deodorants causing a positive use test, as compared with those giving a negative reaction, indicating that the differences between the deodorants in terms of elicitation potential were more related to quantitative aspects of allergen content than of a qualitative nature. It is recommended that deodorants are tested in the axilla in the case of a negative use test on the upper arm and a strong clinical suspicion.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

A study of new fragrance mixtures.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of responses to four mixtures of fragrance materials in routine clinic patients undergoing patch testing for suspect allergic contact dermatitis. The validity of using fragrance mixtures alone, or in combination, was evaluated in terms of predicting allergy to fragrance judged on the basis of finding a response to at least one of the fragrance mixtures. METHODS: A total of 752 subjects were patch tested in five centers worldwide with (1) fragrance mix 8% (FM), (2) balsam of Peru 25%, (3) a mixture of seven of the eight FM 8% ingredients and other fragrance ingredients including jasmine absolute (jasmine/FM mix), and (4) a mixture of five selected natural fragrance ingredients (NM). RESULTS: Of 752 subjects, 100 (13%) had positive patch tests to at least one of the four fragrance mixtures. The age of the patients was 45.2 +/- 18.3 years (mean +/- SD). Ninety-six percent were Caucasian. Facial eruptions and hand involvement were the most common topographic sites. Of subjects exhibiting a positive response, 67% reacted to FM, 63% to the jasmine/FM mix, 47% to the NM, and 38% to balsam of Peru. Testing with FM and NM identified 84% of the perfume-allergic patients. FM 8% tested simultaneously with the jasmine/FM mix identified 86% of the perfume-allergic patients. Testing simultaneously with three test materials combining either the NM or the jasmine/FM mix with balsam of Peru and FM identified 95% of the perfume-sensitive patients. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous testing of NM or jasmine/FM mix, in addition to the conventional use of FM 8% and balsam of Peru, increases the sensitivity of testing for fragrance allergy from 81% to 95%.

Balsams↗
PubMed1996

Corticosteroid contact allergy: an EECDRG multicentre study.

This article describes the results of an EECDRG multicentre study on contact allergy to corticosteroids. A total of 7238 patients were investigated: 6238 in 13 centres in the course of 1993, and 1000 patients in 1 centre in 1993 and 1994. The 5 corticosteroids tested were budesonide 0.1% pet., betamethasone-17-valerate 1% pet., clobetasol-17-propionate 1% pet., hydrocortisone-17-butyrate 1% eth., and tixocortol-21-pivalate 1% pet.; 189 (2.6%) gave a positive patchtest reaction (+, ++, + + +) to at least 1 of the corticosteroids. The data regarding the corticosteroid-sensitive patients, as well as the patchtest results, were recorded on a standardized form.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1995

Diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis infection by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Alveolar echinococcosis is a life-threatening parasitosis occurring in countries in the Northern hemisphere. The diagnosis of an Echinococcus multilocularis infection is routinely performed by radiological techniques and by the detection of specific antibodies in the sera of infected patients. However, because serodiagnosis fails in 5%-10% and radiological techniques are difficult to interpret in some cases, we developed a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of echinococcal-specific messenger RNA from fine-needle biopsy specimens. This technique was applied to the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in a 20-year-old seronegative woman. Detection of messenger RNA not only allowed the diagnosis of echinococcal disease but also proved to be a reliable measure for determining the efficacy of an antiparasitic therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Paramyosin of Echinococcus granulosus: cDNA sequence and characterization of a tegumental antigen.

A lambda ZAPII cDNA library of Echinococcus granulosus larvae was expressed in Escherichia coli SURE cells. Screening of the library with a rabbit antiserum raised against total larval antigen yielded several immunoreactive clones. For analysis of the nucleotide sequence, in vivo excision into pBlueskript was carried out and the 3' end of the cloned insert was sequenced. Three of these clones exhibited identical nucleotide sequences, suggesting expression of identical genes. The complete nucleotide sequence of the largest clone, EG36, with a 3.4-kb insert was determined, presenting an open reading frame of 2.59 kb. The predicted amino acid sequence showed 71.4% identity to the Schistosoma mansoni paramyosin and a significant homology to a 17 amino-acid peptide sequence from antigen B of Taenia solium. From these data we conclude that EG36 is the paramyosin of E. granulosus. For protein purification, the coding sequence of the cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and ligated in frame into the expression vector pGEX-3X. Affinity-chromatography-purified GST fusion protein was used to induce a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Immunoblot analysis revealed the expression of a 97-kDa protein by the E. coli clone and that of a protein with a similar molecular weight in protoscolices from E. granulosus and E. multilocularis as well as in E. granulosus cyst fluid. Immunofluorescence studies showed that EG36 was localized throughout the tegument of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis larvae. Sera from patients suffering from echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, and neurocysticercosis reacted with the purified fusion protein when tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Serological differentiation between cystic and alveolar echinococcosis by use of recombinant larval antigens.

Two recombinant antigens of the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, termed EG55 and EM10, respectively, were applied for serodiagnosis and serological differentiation between parasitic infections caused by the metacestode tissue of both tapeworms. Antigen EM10 is synthesized by E. multilocularis larvae. Antigen EG55 represents the recombinant form of the low-molecular-weight subunit of antigen B, which is an Echinococcus genus-specific antigen. Both recombinant antigens were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies against EM10 and EG55 as capture reagents for the recombinant antigens was established and was evaluated with 74 serum samples from patients with histologically confirmed alveolar echinococcosis and 63 serum samples from patients with histologically confirmed cystic echinococcosis. A sensitivity of 93.2% and a specificity of 96.8% were achieved for the serodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis. Cystic echinococcosis could be detected with a sensitivity of 89.1% and a specificity of 98.6%.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in normal and psoriatic skin.

Increasing evidence suggests an immunoregulatory function of the potent steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) which has been successfully applied for treatment of psoriasis. The skin is both a site of production and a target of 1,25(OH)2D3. In vitro, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits proliferation and stimulates differentiation of keratinocytes. We investigated the in situ expression of vitamin D-receptors (VDR) in normal and psoriatic skin by immunochemical methods. The VDR were visualized using the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 9A7g to the VDR and the labeled avidinbiotin technique. Immunoreactivity was consistently confined to nuclei in all skin biopsies. In normal skin specimens (n = 10) VDR antigens were expressed in keratinocytes of all epidermal layers (except those of the stratum corneum) and in cells of the epidermal appendages. Double labeling experiments with MoAb to cluster-defined antigens indicated that melanocytes and approximately 75% of Langerhans cells exhibit 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in normal skin biopsies (n = 5). Depending on their localization in skin compartments 42-62% of CD11b+ positive macrophages and 45-75% of CD3+ T lymphocytes expressed VDR. Non-lesional psoriatic skin specimens (n = 8) revealed nearly identical staining patterns. Lesional psoriatic skin specimens (n = 8) exhibited a significant increase of VDR expression both in basal and suprabasal epidermal layers as measured by computer-assisted morphometry and showed a remarkable change of the immune cell pattern: the densitity and proportion of VDR positive T lymphocytes and macrophages were higher in the epidermal and the perivascular papillary loop compartment. These in vivo findings strongly support the hypothesis that 1,25(OH)2D3 modulates immune response and cell proliferation/differentiation in human skin.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Clinical characteristics of patients with repeated systemic reactions during specific immunotherapy with hymenoptera venoms. A retrospective study.

In general, specific immunotherapy with hymenoptera venoms can be considered as safe, but occasionally there are patients who cannot reach the maintenance dose due to repeated systemic reactions (RSR) or who suffer from RSR during maintenance therapy. In a multicenter retrospective study comprising seven departments in Germany, Austria and Switzerland 23 patients with RSR were reported from approximately 3000 patients treated with hymenoptera venoms (bee and wasp venom to approximately equivalent frequency). From these, 22 were allergic to bee venom and only one to vespid venom. In general the clinical symptoms of RSR were milder than the initial reaction. But 4/23 (18%) exhibited cardiovascular reactions up to full shock. Neither anamnestic details, reactivity in skin tests or in vitro tests revealed a special pattern of patients with RSR. In some patients, however, an extremely high reactivity in the skin test was found and may indicate the possibility of further RSR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Contact dermatitis. A review.

In recent years, there has been a dramatic rise in our understanding of contact dermatitis. This paper is a review of our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in contact dermatitis and related phenomena, the investigation of these events and the emergence of significant new allergens during the last 5 years.

Allergens↗