Weight loss and longevity.
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
Biomedical subjects
P Garthwaite
Publications and source records attributed to P Garthwaite.
Comparison of the value of novel rapid measurement of myoglobin, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-MB with the electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum myoglobin, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-MB measured at admission by rapid, compact, and easy to use automated quantitative analysers (results within 10 min) helped the early identification of acute myocardial infarction. The results were compared with the data obtained from the electrocardiograms recorded at admission. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Coronary care unit. PATIENTS: 94 consecutive patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction was subsequently confirmed in 44 patients and excluded in 50. METHODS: All admission serum myoglobin, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-MB were measured by clinical staff using analysers in the coronary care unit. An admission electrocardiogram was obtained from all patients. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy for diagnosing myocardial infarction were: electrocardiogram 68%, 100%, and 85%; myoglobin 57%, 100%, and 80%; creatine kinase (threshold of 190 U/l) 34%, 98%, and 68%; creatine kinase-MB (threshold of 25 U/l) 43%, 100%, and 73%. When the electrocardiographic and myoglobin data were combined the sensitivity improved to 91%, diagnostic accuracy to 96%, with specificity of 100%. The results for the electrocardiogram and creatine kinase-MB were 80%, 90%, 100% respectively and those for the electrocardiogram with creatine kinase were 80%, 89%, 98% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Admission myoglobin, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-MB measurements were not as useful as the electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Combining the electrocardiogram and myoglobin data substantially improved the sensitivity and predictive accuracy for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
Blood Chemical Analysis↗
The form of response of body protein accretion to dietary amino acid supply.
The mean response of body protein accretion in growing animals to their amino acid intake is sometimes described by a rectilinear ("broken-line") model and sometimes by a curvilinear model. The response of a population may be curvilinear as a result of averaging individual rectilinear responses or because individual responses are themselves curvilinear. This experiment was undertaken to distinguish these possibilities by examining the responses of individual animals. Eighteen pigs with a mean initial weight of 35 kg and a mean final weight of 73 kg were each fed, in a different sequence, six diets providing a daily nitrogen intake of 0.5, 1.5, 1.83, 2.17, 2.5 or 3.5 g/kg body wt0.75. Each diet was given for 10 d, with complete collections of feces over the last 6 d and of urine over the last 4 d. Rates of nitrogen retention (expressed per kg0.75 per day) were related to rates of nitrogen intake (in the same units) using a rectilinear (broken line), an exponential or a saturation kinetics model. Mean square errors were significantly larger for the rectilinear model than for either of the curvilinear models and were slightly but not significantly less for the saturation kinetics model than for the exponential model.
Amino Acids↗
Does endorsement of the disease concept of alcoholism predict humanitarian attitudes to alcoholics?
It has been widely assumed that the disease concept of alcoholism is a powerful vehicle for the promotion of humanitarian attitudes to alcoholics. However, Crawford and Heather have argued that individual differences in attitudes to alcoholics are liable to be a reflection of broader attitudes to deviancy rather than a function of endorsement/rejection of a disease conception. This argument was subjected to empirical scrutiny by means of a questionnaire distributed to 200 members of the public. The questionnaire (1) measured attitudes to four deviant groups--alcoholics, drug addicts, compulsive gamblers, and juvenile delinquents--and (2) recorded whether respondents endorsed or rejected a disease conception of these deviant conditions. Attitudes to the non-alcoholic deviant groups were better predictors of humanitarian attitudes to alcoholics than was endorsement of a disease conception of alcoholism.
Adolescent↗
Approaches to estimating physical activity in the community: calorimetric validation of actometers and heart rate monitoring.
The relationship between actometer measurements, heart rate monitoring and energy expenditure during exercise and resting periods was assessed in a whole-body indirect calorimeter on 12 young male volunteers. Equations derived from these studies were applied to actometer measurements taken during a further 7 d recording in free-living conditions to predict daily energy expenditure over 1 week on an individual basis. Actometers proved to be a satisfactory means of estimating energy expenditure and heart rate monitoring improved the estimates in a few selected subjects. Indirect measures of energy expenditure could be developed by this approach but individual calibration is essential.
Adult↗
Effects of a beta-agonist (clenbuterol) on growth, carcass composition, protein and energy metabolism of veal calves.
Twenty-two British Friesian bull calves were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to determine the effects of a beta-agonist (clenbuterol) on body composition and energy retention. Four calves were slaughtered at 18 d of age and constituted the initial slaughter group. Of the remaining calves, eight (group A, controls) were given milk replacer only, and ten calves (groups B and C, five calves per group) were given milk replacer plus clenbuterol (0.1 and 1.0 mg clenbuterol/kg milk replacer equivalent to approximately 2 and 20 micrograms/kg body-weight respectively over the 105 +/- 3 d of the experimental period). Calves were slaughtered over the weight range 146-177 kg. Clenbuterol had no significant effect on dry matter (DM) intake, daily live-weight gain or feed conversion ratio. DM digestibility of the milk replacer was not affected by treatment. Nitrogen balance was measured on three separate occasions starting when the calves weighed approximately 60, 110 and 130 kg. N retention was increased over the experimental period in clenbuterol-treated calves, although the effect only achieved significance in calves weighing approximately 110 kg live weight (P less than 0.05). Clenbuterol (20 micrograms/kg body-weight) increased estimated mean daily N retention in the carcass of the calves from 22 to 25 g whilst N retention in the non-carcass components decreased from to 8 g/d. Effects of clenbuterol on N retention occurred mainly in skeletal muscle. Fat in both carcass and non-carcass components was reduced by treatment with clenbuterol. The total energy content of live-weight gain was reduced from 1077 to 897 MJ in clenbuterol-treated calves and mean daily heat production was estimated to increase from 23.1 in controls to 25.9 MJ/d in calves in group C. In calves of mean live weight during balance of 120 and 136 kg, clenbuterol significantly increased daily urinary creatinine excretion and in 120 kg calves N tau-methylhistidine was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05). Based on estimates of muscle mass from urinary creatinine and protein degradation from N tau-methylhistidine excretion, the fractional breakdown rate of muscle protein in clenbuterol-treated calves was only 0.66 of that in the controls when the calves weighed 120 kg.
Adipose Tissue↗