Effect of unexpected outcomes and causal attributions on key workers' expectancies of goal attainment.
Goal planning is an integral part of the role of the key worker in services for people with intellectual disability. The present study investigated the effect of the Weiner stability-expectancy principle on unexpected outcomes in goal planning. Four hundred and twenty-two actual goal attainment scales were constructed, with each scale describing the key workers' expected levels of outcome. Two hundred and twenty-six (54%) unexpected outcomes, both successful and unsuccessful, were then rated by key workers to provide a causal explanation for each outcome. These explanations were then grouped according to whether the attributions represented stable or variable causes. Finally, key workers were asked to provide a new expectancy rating to forecast future goal attainment. Two predictions from Weiner's model were confirmed by statistical analysis: (1) that success attributed to stable factors would lead to higher revised forecasts of goal attainment than success attributed to variable factors; and (2) that failure attributed to stable factors would lead to lower revised forecasts of goal attainment than failure attributed to variable factors. The results of the present study confirm that stability attributions do alter key workers' revised forecasts of goal attainment. The results are discussed in terms of the possible consequences for key worker behaviour, such as goal abandonment, differential treatment of service users and the need for a knowledgeable approach to performance appraisal by managers.