Biomedical subjects

P Jennum

Publications and source records attributed to P Jennum.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1997

A prospective study of 39 patients with whiplash injury.

INTRODUCTION: The acute symptoms after whiplash traumas can be explained by the neck sprain, but the pathogenesis of the "late whiplash syndrome" and the reason why only some people have persistent symptoms more than 6 months is still unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-four consecutive cases of whiplash injury were examined clinically three times; within 14 days, after 1 month and finally 7 months postinjury. In addition, MRI of the brain and the cervical spine, neuropsychological tests and motor evoked potentials (MEP) were done one month postinjury and repeated after 6 months, if abnormalities were found. RESULTS: The total recovery rate (asymptomatic patients) was 29% after 7 months. MRI was repeated in 6 patients. The correlation between MRI and the clinical findings was poor. Cognitive dysfunction as a symptom of brain injury was not found. Stress at the same time predicted more symptoms at follow-up. All MEP examinations were normal. CONCLUSION: In this study, long-lasting distress and poor outcome were more related to the occurrence of stressful life events than to clinical and paraclinical findings.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Snoring and atherosclerotic manifestations in a 70-year-old population.

A number of studies have demonstrated an association between habitual snoring and ischemic heart disease like angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and ischemic changes on the electrocardiography (ECG). Control for the influence of potential confounders has been inadequate. To further elucidate the issue we examined the association between self-assessed snoring and the relation to atherosclerotic manifestations. 804 70-year-old males and females were classified according to snoring habits. Alcohol and tobacco consumption, blood pressure, body mass index, social group, plasma lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein), fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were determined. Presence of angina pectoris, claudication intermittens, use of nitroglycerine were questioned, a resting ECG and a distal arterial pressure by use of doppler technique in the lower limbs were determined. Distal atherosclerotic manifestations was defined as complaints of claudication intermittens, pulselessness in one or more foot arteries or a foot/arm systolic pressure ratio < 0.90. ECG changes were classified in accordance to standard criteria (Minnesota codes) into positive ECG signs (Q/OS waves, S-T depressions, T-wave inversion or flattering or left bundle branch block) and definitive myocardial infarction. Snoring showed a weak positive correlation to positive ECG signs and definitive myocardial infarction, but after adjustments for the above confounders, no association was found between snoring and atherosclerotic manifestations. We conclude that, in a 70-year-old population, self-reported snoring is not associated with atherosclerotic manifestations.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations of the rat. Effect of acute and chronic stimulations on pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizures.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (RTMS) has been reported to induce epileptic seizures in normal control and in epileptic patients. Therefore we characterized the effect of acute or chronic stimulations with RTMS on the induction of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced clonic seizures in the rat. Male Wistar rats were stimulated with a 13-cm coil with a stimulus frequency of 50 Hz. The motor threshold (Tm) was determined by a single transcranial stimulus. Acute stimulation was performed with a stimulus intensity of 0.9 x Tm and 1.5 x Tm using a duration of the train of stimuli of five seconds. Chronic stimulation was performed with a duration of the train of stimuli of one and five seconds using a stimulus intensity of 1.8 x Tm, every day for 30 days. Time to onset of PTZ-induced clonic seizure was determined after the acute stimulation or the last stimulation in chronic RTMS. In the groups of rats receiving acute RTMS (0.9 and 1.5 x Tm) no seizures developed. No differences were observed in time to onset of clonic seizures after PTZ injection compared to control rats. In the group of rats receiving chronic RTMS some rats showed facial contractions, chewing or head movements during or immediately after the stimulations. None of the rats developed tonic or clonic seizures in relation to RTMS. Time to onset of PTZ clonic seizures was reduced in both groups receiving RTMS with a stimulus duration of one (P < 0.01) and five (P < 0.05) seconds compared to control rats. The results from this study suggest that acute suprathreshold stimulation with a stimulus frequency of 50 Hz does not affect the induction of clonic PTZ seizures, whereas chronic (daily) stimulations have a facilitatory effect. This indicates that chronic stimulation with RTMS may induce a kindling process in the rat. Chronic RTMS stimulation may therefore represent an interesting alternative non-invasively kindling model to chemical and electrical stimulations.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Paired transcranial magnetic stimulations and motor evoked potentials.

We studied the effect of varying interstimulus intervals (ISI) on the motor evoked potentials (MEP) using paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (PTMS) during relaxation and voluntary contraction of the abductor pollicis brevis. At ISI > or = 10 ms two independent MEPs could be evoked. At ISIs between 12-30 ms the amplitudes of the MEPs evoked by the second (test) stimuli had larger amplitude and shorter latencies than the MEPs evoked by the first (conditioning) stimuli. At an ISI of 50 ms the second MEP were similar to the first, between 75 and 100 ms the second MEPs were inhibited and at ISI of 200 and 400 ms the second MEPs showed almost similar amplitudes and latencies compared to the first. During voluntary contraction, the amplitudes of the first MEPs was higher compared to relaxed responses. The amplitudes of the second MEPs showed a similar pattern as the relaxed responses, but with a relatively smaller increase between 12-30 ms (p < 0.01), and less inhibition at 75 and 100 ms (p < 0.01). The study shows that conditioning stimuli 12-30 ms before the test stimulus facilitates the second MEP, and an ISI between 75-100 ms inhibit the second MEP. Voluntary contraction exerts a facilatory effect and reduce inhibition in the corticospinal neurons. These findings may reflects the changes in excitability and inhibition in the cortico-spinal neurons.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Repetitive magnetic stimulation and motor evoked potentials.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of varying stimulus rates of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (RTMS) on the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the right abductor pollicis brevis muscle (APB). Thirteen normals were included. Stimuli were applied to the cortex and to the median nerve at the wrist. The cortical stimuli were applied without and with facilitation. Stimulus intensity was 1.2 times the motor threshold (TmAPB) for cortical stimulation and supramaximal for peripheral stimulation. Stimulus rates were 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 Hz. Nine pulses were applied in each stimulus series. At stimulus rates between 1 and 3 Hz no amplitude changes were observed throughout the stimulation. At 5 Hz stimulation inhibition of some of the MEPs was observed followed by MEPs with increased amplitude. At 10 Hz stimulation some MEPs were totally inhibited, interrupted by an MEP with increased amplitude, resembling clonic contraction. At 20 Hz the inhibition of the MEPs decreased (P < 0.05) compared to 10 Hz stimulation. Facilitation decreased the inhibition at 5 and 10 Hz stimulation (P < 0.01). On peripheral stimulation a decrement was observed with stimulus rates of 10 and 20 Hz. The study shows that RTMS exerts a complex influence on the MEPs depending upon stimulus rates. The pronounced inhibition and excitation of the MEPs at 5 and 10 Hz stimulation possibly reflects inhibition and excitation in the cortico-spinal neurons.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Snoring, family history, and genetic markers in men. The Copenhagen Male Study.

BACKGROUND: No studies have attempted to examine the genetic influence on the habit of snoring. The aim of the present study was to examine whether an association existed between self-reported snoring and family history of snoring and a number of genetic markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were derived from a primarily cardiovascular disease cohort study of 3,387 men aged 54 to 74 years. A number of sleep-related questions were included. Some 3,308 men had given valid questionnaire information on snoring and whether they had their own bedroom due to snoring and were regarded eligible for the present study. Men who reported that they snored often or always were considered habitual snorers, and those who reported that they seldom or never snored were considered nonsnorers. We considered habitual snorers who reported that they had their own bedroom due to snoring to be a group with a presumably more severe form of snoring. Information about other health and lifestyle parameters was obtained from a comprehensive questionnaire. Four major blood groups were determined: ABO, Rhesus, MNS, and Lewis, together with complement C3. A saliva sample was taken for determination of ABH secretor status. RESULTS: There was a strong relationship between habitual snoring and family history of snoring among grandparents, parents, siblings, and children. Odds ratios were from 2.4 to 4.2, and all associations were significant (p < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, the factor which most strongly separated habitual snorers from nonsnorers, was self-reported habitual snoring among family members. Looking at habitual snorers only, the factors most strongly separating those with their own bedroom due to snoring from those without, were the Lewis blood group phenotype, Le(a+b-) (29.6 vs 18.8%; p < 0.001; age, 63.4 vs 62.1 years; p < 0.01), and selfreported family history of habitual snoring (35.2 vs 29.0%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There was an overall strong association between habitual snoring and family history of snoring. Among habitual snorers, two genetic markers and age, were the only factors that separated men who had their own bedroom due to snoring from others. The results of this study indicate that snoring, to some extent, is hereditary.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Risk of ischemic heart disease in self-reported snorers. A prospective study of 2,937 men aged 54 to 74 years: the Copenhagen Male Study.

Former studies have demonstrated an association between habitual snoring and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Control for the influence of potential confounders has been inadequate. To further elucidate the issue, we examined the association between snoring and future risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) while controlling for a number of major cardiovascular risk factors and potential effect modifiers. Some 2,937 men without overt cardiovascular disease, aged 54 to 74 y (mean = 63 years), were classified according to snoring habits and followed up prospectively during 6 years (1985 to 1991). Potential cardiovascular disease risk factors included in the study were as follows: smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hypertension, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) (kg x m-2), social class, and serum concentrations of selenium, cotinine, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. During the 6-year follow-up period, 182 men (6.2%) had an IHD event (42 were fatal), and 274 men died from all causes (9.3%). There was no difference in the prevalence of snorers among those who had an IHD event and those who did not during the follow-up period, 49.9% vs 50.5%, respectively. Among the younger half of the cohort (54 to 63 years), the age-adjusted incidence of IHD was slightly but not significantly increased in snorers, relative risk (RR) = 1.2 (0.8 to 1.9). When adjustments were made for relevant confounders--use of tobacco, alcohol consumption, and BMI--the RR dropped to 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6). Among the older half (64 to 74 years), there was no increased risk in snorers, RR = 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6). We conclude that there was a slightly increased risk that did not reach statistical significance of IHD in snorers. After multivariate adjustment, snoring was not associated with risk of IHD in middle-aged and elderly men.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Headache and cognitive dysfunctions in snorers. A cross-sectional study of 3323 men aged 54 to 74 years: the Copenhagen Male Study.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive symptoms, headache, and sleep-related complaints, including snoring, are commonly reported by patients with sleep apnea. Because patients with sleep apnea generally are snorers, we decided to study whether snoring per se is associated with cognitive complaints and headache. DESIGN: Cross-sectional epidemiologic follow-up study. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3323 men, aged 54 to 74 years, previously selected from among employees of public or private companies in the Copenhagen, Denmark, area. METHOD: Participants were classified according to self-reported snoring habits and these were compared with self-reported cognitive complaints and headache. Fourteen potential confounders were included. RESULTS: The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for headache was 1.5 (1.3 to 1.8, P < .0001) for self-reported snorers after adjustments for age, body mass index, and alcohol and tobacco consumption, whereas no relationships were found between snoring and memory or concentration problems in the total population. Snoring was not related to use of central nervous system medication; previous stroke; presence of parkinsonism, epilepsy, or psychiatric diseases; previous head trauma; or exposure to organic solvents. Hypersomnia was significantly associated with snoring (P < .0001), headache (P < .0001), memory problems (P < .0001), concentration problems (P < .0001), age (P < .01), body mass index (P < .001), and alcohol consumption (P < .05) and negatively correlated with smoking (P < .0001). Irrespective of the severity of hypersomnia, no association was found between snoring and memory or concentration problems. The relationship between snoring and headache was independent of severity of hypersomnia. CONCLUSIONS: Snoring is associated with headache but not with cognitive dysfunction. Hypersomnia shows a correlation to cognitive problems. If associations are found between snoring and cognitive dysfunction, these may be related in part to the presence of hypersomnia.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

EEG changes following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been proposed as an epileptogenic activating procedure in the evaluation of patients with partial epilepsy. With the introduction of repetitive (rapid rate) transcranial magnetic stimulation (RTMS), it has been possible to apply cortical stimuli with a stimulus rate up to 50 Hz. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the epileptogenic effect of RTMS. Ten patients suffering from medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy were included. As a part of the presurgical evaluation all patients were studied with ictal video-EEG scalp recordings during a period of discontinuation of the antiepileptic treatment. Eight RTMS trains were applied to left and right temporal and frontal areas, using a stimulus intensity of 1.2 x Tm (the motor threshold to a twitch in the right hand), a stimulus duration of 1 s and a stimulus frequency of 30 Hz. 50 Hz stimulations, with a stimulus duration of 1 s and a stimulus intensity of 1.2 x Tm, were applied on both anterior temporal regions, in total 10 TMS and 340 RTMS pulses to each patient. The numbers of sharp waves/spikes and low-frequency potentials were lower (P < 0.01) compared to prestimulus values and returned to prestimulation values within 10 min. In no cases paroxysmal activity was provoked and no seizures developed. The study indicates that RTMS as used in this study is not effective as an activation procedure for paroxysmal activity. As the risk of seizures may depend on the stimulus parameters, further studies are needed in order to evaluate the safety of the RTMS.

Electroencephalography↗

PubMed1994

Snoring and risk of stroke and ischaemic heart disease in a 70 year old population. A 6-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have demonstrated an association between habitual snoring and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Control for the influence of potential confounders has been inadequate. To clarify the issue we examined the association between snoring and future risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke while controlling for the potential influence of major cardio- and cerebrovascular risk factors. METHODS: In all, 804 70 year old males and females were classified according to snoring habits. Alcohol and tobacco consumption, blood pressure, body mass index, social group, plasma lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein), fasting blood glucose, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were determined at baseline. RESULTS: Over a 6-year period (1984-1990) 88 suffered an IHD episode, 60 had a stroke and 180 died. A slightly higher stroke incidence was found among snorers (relative risk [RR] = 1.8; (95% confidence interval: 1.1-3.6). When adjustments were made for the above confounders, no associations could be found between snoring and IHD, stroke or all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In a 70 year old population, snoring is not associated with an increased risk of IHD, stroke or all-cause mortality.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Language function following subdural grid-directed temporal lobectomy.

The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which a temporal resection may be undertaken without producing risk to temporal language areas. Patients undergoing craniotomy and placement of a subdural electrode array (SEA) for evaluation of intractable epilepsy were studied to determine the variability of distance of temporal language cortex from the temporal pole. Hemisphere dominance was determined by intracarotid sodium amytal injection. Temporal lobe speech arrest (SA) was mapped with a 64 contact point SEA. Thirty-one patients had left dominant hemisphere SEAs. Thirty had SA 5 cm to 9 cm from the temporal pole (median 7 cm). One had SA at 3 cm. Twenty-one patients subsequently had temporal lobectomy (TL). Mean extent of resection was 5.7 cm (range 3 to 9 cm). In 18 TL patients who had neuropsychometric evaluation of language function pre- and post-surgery, there was no significant deterioration. Thirty-nine patients had right non-dominant SEAs placed. Eighteen had TL. Thirteen of these had pre- and post-surgery language evaluation and there was no significant change. Comparison of preoperative scores showed significant superiority of the right non-dominant group over the left dominant group for naming. TL up to 5 cm without stimulation mapping of language areas would be safe in the majority of cases, but one subject (3%) had SA mapped anterior to this and a small number of cases may therefore be at risk to language function following a 5 cm TL. Extensive lateral resections up to 9 cm are possible with preservation of language function with stimulation cortical mapping.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Its role in the evaluation of patients with partial epilepsy.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a relative new method in the evaluation of patients with various neurological diseases. With the introduction of repetitive (rapid rate) transcranial magnetic stimulators (RTMS), it has been possible to apply cortical stimuli with a stimulus rate up to 100 Hz. The preliminary results with TRMS suggest that it may be used in the study of speech lateralization. Seizures have been reported in patients with partial epilepsy during TMS. In these cases it remains uncertain whether the seizures were induced by the TMS or coincidentally with it. Minor changes in paroxysmal activity have been reported in some patients. These data suggest, that TMS is neither sensitive nor specific as an activation procedure of the epileptic focus in patients with partial epilepsy. Seizures have been provoked using RTMS, but its use as a seizure-inducing method is not yet evaluated.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1994

Self-assessed cognitive function in snorers and sleep apneics. An epidemiological study of 1,504 females and males aged 30-60 years: the Dan-MONICA II Study.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the relation between every-night (habitual) snoring, sleep apnea and cognitive complaints (concentration and memory problems) in an adult population-based sample. In the Dan-MONICA (MONItoring trends in CArdiovascular diseases) 1,504 males and females aged 30, 40, 50 and 60 years were classified according to their snoring habits. Nocturnal respiration was measured in 748 participants. The following measures were regarded as potential confounders: age, gender, unintended sleepiness, insomnia, depression, hypnotic use, alcohol and tobacco consumption by questionnaire, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure. Concentration and memory problems were both related to depression, insomnia and unintended sleepiness. Snoring and sleep apnea (defined as a respiratory distress index - RDI > or = 5), were associated with concentration problems and unintended sleepiness. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) between snoring, concentration and memory problems, calculated by logistic regression analysis after adjustments of the above confounders, were 1.90 (1.23-2.91, p < 0.01) and 1.38 (0.97-1.99, NS). For those with sleep apnea, the odds ratios were 3.53 (1.42-8.73, p < 0.001) and 1.51 (0.81-2.14, NS) for concentration and memory problems, respectively. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that cognitive complaints show a high correlation to mood, insomnia, and hypersomnia. Habitual snoring and sleep apnea show a correlation to concentration problems, but not to memory complaints. This suggests that part of the association between snoring, sleep apnea and cognitive dysfunction is related to the presence of sleep disturbances and daytime sleepiness.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Speech localization using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

To evaluate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (RTMS) may be used for speech localization, we compared the results from RTMS with the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT) in 21 patients undergoing surgical treatment (amygdalohippocampectomy or anterior temporal lobe resection) for medically intractable partial epilepsy. None of the patients had aphasia. We stimulated the temporal and frontal cortex on each side at a frequency of 30 Hz for 1 second and increased the intensity until speech was inhibited. A list of words and forward and backward counting were used to test speech function. The IAT was performed on the hemisphere of proposed surgery by unilateral injection and simultaneous regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) recordings. In one patient, there was doubt about hemisphere dominance and a second bilateral IAT was performed. Fifteen patients had left-sided speech dominance; one, left-sided dominance and a moderate right-sided speech inhibition; two, right-sided speech dominance; and one, bilateral speech representations (bilateral injection at the IAT) with both techniques. One patient showed bilateral with right-sided speech dominance by RTMS and showed right-sided speech inhibition with right-sided injection only at the IAT procedure. One patient differed from the rest, showing bilateral representations with right-sided speech dominance with RTMS and left-sided speech inhibition by IAT with left-sided injection only. The concordance was 95%. None of the patients had seizures provoked by the procedure. We conclude that speech localization with RTMS shows a high concordance with the results from the IAT and may be useful in addition to traditional techniques in speech localization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Snoring, sympathetic activity and cardiovascular risk factors in a 70 year old population.

In order to describe the relation between snoring, cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic factors and sympathetitic activity, 804 70-year-old males and females were classified according to snoring habits and life-style factors (alcohol and tobacco consumption), blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), plasma lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein), plasma catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine), fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance test (1 gram glucose per kg body weight given and blood glucose was measured 1 and 2 hours thereafter) were evaluated in all participants. Self-reported snoring was associated with gender (males showed higher prevalence than females, p < 0.05), alcohol consumption (p < 0.01), BMI (p < 0.001), systolic (p < 0.01) and diastolic (p < 0.05) blood pressure, glucose tolerance test (p < 0.01), plasma norepinephrine (p < 0.05) and partly with tobacco consumption (p = 0.08). No associations were found between snoring and fasting glucose, plasma lipids, plasma epinephrine or in the use of antihypertensive medication. In multivariate analysis, with forced entry of gender, BMI, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, the relation between snoring and blood pressure ceased; only systolic blood pressure was associated with snoring (p < 0.05). Snoring was still associated with plasma norepinephrine (p < 0.001) and abnormal glucose tolerance (p < 0.001). We conclude that, in a 70-year-old population, snoring is associated with gender, BMI and alcohol consumption. Snores showed higher plasma norepinephrine and abnormal glucose tolerance.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Snoring, sleep apnoea and cardiovascular risk factors: the MONICA II Study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk profile in self-reported snorers and sleep apnoeics in an adult representatively-selected population. A total of 1504 males and females, aged 30, 40, 50 and 60 years were included. The following were measured: snoring, alcohol and tobacco consumption by questionnaire, blood pressure, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol. Nocturnal respiration was determined in 748 participants. Respiratory distress index (RDI) was defined as the number of apnoea and hypopnoea lasting longer than 10 seconds per hour sleep. Habitual snoring was reported by 19.1% (9.2-24.2%, aged 30-60 years) of males and 7.9% (3.8-11.7%, age 30-60 years) of females. An RDI > or = 5 was found in 10.9% (7.1-18.3%, age 30-60 years) of males and in 6.3% (5.3-7.6%, age 30-60 years) of females. The following factors were associated with snoring: age (P < 0.02), sex (P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.0001), alcohol (P < 0.05) and tobacco (P < 0.01) consumption. An RDI > or = 5 was associated with sex (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.05), BMI (P < 0.0001), tobacco (P < 0.02) and alcohol (P < 0.05) consumption. Self-reported snores showed higher systolic (P < 0.001) and diastolic (P < 0.001) blood pressure and total cholesterol (P < 0.001) and a lower HDL (P < 0.001). The participants with RDI > or = 5 showed higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001) and total cholesterol (P < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Pathology of skeletal muscle in fibromyalgia: a histo-immuno-chemical and ultrastructural study.

The value of muscle biopsy in fibromyalgia is still questioned. In this study we obtained 50 quadriceps biopsies from 20 patients and compared them blindly to 10 biopsies from five normal controls. Using light microscopy, histochemical and immunoenzymatic methods we found no definite evidence of muscle disease. Nevertheless, we subjected biopsies from nine of the patients and five other controls for further ultrastructural evaluations and demonstrated pathologic findings e.g. empty sleeves of basement membrane, many lipofuschin bodies and other degenerative changes. We conclude that ultrastructural evaluation cannot yet be used for diagnostic purposes, but the negative findings with light microscopy, including histochemical and immunoenzymatic techniques, might be of importance in evaluating difficult cases.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Cognitive function and snoring.

The relationship between self-reported snoring, headache and cognitive complaints (memory and concentration problems) was evaluated in an epidemiologic survey including 3,323 males, with a mean age of 63 (53-75) years. Fourteen potential confounders were examined. A strong association between snoring and headache was found, persisting after correction for potential confounders. An association was found between snoring and cognitive complaints only in those who reported good sleep quality without insomnia.

Adult↗