Biomedical subjects

P Kroll

Publications and source records attributed to P Kroll.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

[Exudative retinal detachment surgery. A prognostic++ parameter of malignant melanoma in brachytherapy?].

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the regression of the tumor-distant exudative detachment that accompanies malignant melanoma with regression of the tumor as a result of ruthenium-106 irradiation. METHODS: From 1994 until the beginning of 1996 we treated 28 patients with choroidal malignant melanoma with radioactive plaque therapy. Follow-up examinations were completed 3 and 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months after therapy and finally at 1 year or half-year intervals. Twenty-three patients met the study requirements. RESULTS: Initially, after irradiation there was an increase in the retinal detachment. In 15 patients (65%) we found rapid regression of the detachment, accompanied by distinct tumor regression (61%). One of these patients revealed only minor tumor regression in spite of regression of the exudative detachment. Three months after radiation, 8 patients showed no rapid regression of the exudative detachment. Two of these patients had to undergo a second irradiation and 2 were enucleated because of absent tumor regression. One patient died. Three patients showed an increase in the detachment, accompanied by tumor regression. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid regression of the exudative detachment (> or = 50% of the preoperative detachment) approximately 3 months after irradiation seems to be of good prognostic value for tumor regression.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Management of acute submacular hemorrhage using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and gas.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of intravitreal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) and gas on submacular hemorrhage in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). METHODS: Eleven consecutive patients (11 eyes) with subretinal hemorrhage due to ARMD involving the fovea with elevation of the neurosensory retina were included in this study. Subretinal hemorrhage occured 12 h to 14 days before onset of therapy. Injection of rTPA through the pars plana in a dose of 50 or 100 microg was performed. Gas instillation (0.2-0.4 ml) followed rTPA injection, either immediately after injection (7 patients) or during the following day (4 patients). RESULTS: After intravitreal injection of rTPA, subretinal clots were totally or partially liquefied when treatment started up to 3 days after onset of bleeding. In all patients treated with 100 microg rTPA a large exudative retinal detachment of the inferior retina resulted, which reabsorbed spontaneously within 2 weeks. After reattachment of the exudative retinal detachment hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium was noted. Temporary opacification of the vitreous was observed between the 2nd and 7th postoperative day in 5 eyes (45.5%). Postoperative visual acuity increased in 5 patients (45.5%). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal application of rTPA followed by gas injection is a sufficient and convenient technique for effective removal of freshly formed submacular hemorrhage. Removal is mediated through combined enzymatic (rTPA) and mechanical (gas) effects. This technique offers a quick recovery of vision in eyes with less severe ARMD.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1999

[Enzymatically induced posterior vitreous detachment in proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy].

BACKGROUND: Complete detachment of the posterior vitreous cortex is an important aim in the treatment of proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy (PDVR). Today a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) can only be achieved during vitrectomy. A randomized pilot study was started to evaluate wether intravitreally injected TPA is sufficient to induce a PVD in diabetic eyes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight weeks prior to vitrectomy because of proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy (non-clearing haemorrhage, fibrovascular proliferations) 20 eyes which had an attached vitreous received a cryopexy of the peripheral retina. In 11 eyes that had been selected at random 10 micrograms of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator were injected midvitreally 24 hrs later. A newly formed PVD was assessed by means of biomicroscopy or ultrasound. RESULTS: A newly formed partial (n = 3) or complete (n = 7) PVD was found in 10 of 11 TPA-treated eyes versus one partial detached vitreous in the control group. In 3 younger patients PVD developed exclusively after TPA-injection. We did not observe severe changes of the ERG, decrease of visual acuity, severe new vitreous haemorrhages or opacities of the lens. In 3 eyes (2 eyes of the control group) a circumscribed retinal detachment developed during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The described technique can be used in diabetics without severe side effects. It facilitates the removal of the vitreous cortex and may be a valuable adjunct to the surgical management of PDVR. Unlike other proteases TPA is available for clinical use through recombinant DNA technology which allows standardized enzymatic activities, steril and non-infectious conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Vitreopapillary traction in proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy [ssee comments].

AIM: To present the clinical profile of a new entity in advanced proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy (PDVR). Mechanisms of vision loss due to vitreopapillary traction on the nasal optic disc are described, followed by an introduction of methods for prevention and treatment in such cases. METHODS: 17 patients with PDVR and traction on the nasal side of the optic disc, pallor of the optic nerve head, and reduced visual acuity were included in the study. Six patients were observed retrospectively and 11 patients prospectively before and after pars plana vitrectomy. Pre- and postoperative examinations included visual acuity, Goldmann's visual field, fluorescein angiography, and measurements of visual evoked potentials (VEP). RESULTS: During a postoperative follow up period of 3 to 24.5 months (mean 14.5 months) an improvement in optic disc appearance combined with an increased visual acuity (mean increase in VA = 0.171) was observed in 15/17 (88.3%) patients. In addition, 8/17 (47%) of these patients showed higher VEP amplitudes (mean 3.83 microV), and eight (6/8 of the same patients as VEP amplitudes) patients showed a reduction of latency (mean reduction 22.25 ms) during VEP assessment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vitreopapillary traction may damage the anterior optic nerve, via decreased axoplasmatic flow in the optic nerve fibres and/or mechanical reduction of perfusion in the posterior ciliary arteries. The effects of each mechanism appear to be reversible, but in the long term might lead to irreversible optic nerve atrophy. Therefore, in patients with vitreopapillary traction, early vitrectomy should be considered as a method to prevent optic neuropathy.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Conjunctival malignant melanoma in children.

The first case concerns a 14-year-old girl with a brown conjunctival mass temporally in her right eye which was excised and diagnosed as active conjunctival melanotic lesion. Five years later, a malignant melanoma of the right lacrimal sac and orbit led to general metastatic spread. The second case demonstrates a conjunctival brown mass temporally in the left eye of a 3-year-old boy which enlarged over 4 years. The excision revealed a melanotic lesion which was of uncertain histological dignity. The third case occurred in a 4-year-old boy with a conjunctival glassy tumor temporally in his right eye which after excision led to controversial discussions concerning benign nevus or malignant melanoma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[External trabecular excision--alternative to filtering glaucoma operation in patients with open angle glaucoma].

BACKGROUND: Postoperative complications concerning glaucoma filtering surgery (trabeculectomy, goniotrepanation) often include hypotonia that may lead to athalamia or choroidal detachment, which are difficult to handle. Cystic non filtering blebs are due to postinflammatory reactions, and may limit the success of filtering surgery. Aim of the study was to compare the success and the complications of a new operating technique, which will be described, with those of usual glaucoma filtering surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 24 open angle glaucoma patients with mean intraocular pressure of 28.12 mm Hg (+/- 8.6) we performed external trabecular excision in 25 eyes since June 1997. Preoperative visual acuity and peak intraocular pressure were compared retrospectively in all eyes with the values of the first postoperative day, in 22 eyes after one month and in 17 eyes after 3 months. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure measured between 0 mm Hg and 16 mm Hg on the first postoperative day (7.64 mm Hg +/- 4.3), after one month between 10 mm Hg and 30 mm Hg (17.81 mm Hg +/- 5.5) and after 3 months between 9 mm Hg and 26 mm Hg (15.29 mm Hg +/- 4.2). After 1 month 10 of 22 (45%) and after 3 months 7 of 17 eyes (42%) required antiglaucomatous drugs; 3 eyes needed gonitrepanation (2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months after ETE). Concerning postoperative complications, we observed 6 choroidal detachments, once erythrocoytes in the anterior chamber, twice hyphemata, twice inflammatory reaction in the anterior chamber, two flat anterior chambers and twice a positive seidel test. CONCLUSION: Complications after ETE are similar to those after filtering surgery. Postoperative intraocular pressure dip after ETE in most eyes was not as pronounced as after goniotrepanation or trabeculectomy, and postoperative complications were all reversible. 45% of the eyes again needed antiglaucomatous drugs after one month and 42% after 3 months. A prospective long-term study has to verify the success respectively the complications of ETE.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Are there indications for abortion or cesarean section and contraindications for spontaneous delivery in ophthalmologic diseases? Case report and overview].

Management of labor and indications for abortion in patients with ophthalmologic diseases are discussed controversially in literature and are often overemphasized. We present a case of a pregnant woman with bilateral papilledema due to pseudotumor cerebri, because an abortion was in question. This case lead us to discuss indications for abortions in patients with pseudotumor cerebri, as well as indications for abortions or cesarean sections in patients with high myopia, retinal detachment, retinopathy in EPH-gestosis, uveal melanoma and diabetic retinopathy. In this article these questions will be discussed.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1998

[Analysis of results after primary heminephrectomy in surgical treatment of duplicated pyelo-caliceal system].

AIM: Determination of the effective diagnostics and therapeutic procedures in duplicated pyelo-calyceal system with upper pole dysfunction. METHOD: Retrospective review of operative procedures and follow-up. MATERIAL: In Department of Pediatric Surgery University of Medical Sciences in Poznań (Poland), 383 children with duplicated pyelo-calyceal system were treated between 1976 and 1997. The diagnosis was based on: IVP, MCU, scintigraphy, cystoscopy, and since 1984 on US. Conservative treatment was performed in 103 (26%) children with low VOR. The most frequent surgical procedure was Politano-Leadbetter ureteroneocystostomy carried out in 167 (44%) children. Primary heminephrectomy was performed in 79 (21%) patients with complete deterioration of the upper pole of the kidney. In order to attain upper pole parenchyma protection in 34 (9%) children the following primary procedures were performed: extirpation of the ureterocele with ureteroneocystostomy of both ureters, cutaneous uretral stoma or uretero-pyeloanastomosis. RESULTS: Among 79 children with primary heminephrectomy of the duplicated system with ureterocele, secondary operation was required only in 18 patients. From 34 children with kidney parenchyma protecting procedures in 18 patients secondary heminephrectomy or nephrectomy was performed. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Primary heminephrectomy with ureterectomy with partial ureterectomy is a method of choice in the treatment of seriously deteriorated upper pole of the duplicated pyelo-calyceal system. 2. Secondary surgical procedures were required only in 25% of children in whom primary heminephrectomy was performed. 3. Primary heminephrectomy is a save procedure with a low complication rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Intravesical instillation of atropine in treatment of detrusor overactivity in children].

UNLABELLED: We present our own experiences with intravesical Atropine instillation in patients with voiding dysfunction. We used concentration of 10(-6) Atropine in 14 patients with detrusor overactivity. In 12 patients neurogenic voiding dysfunction was caused by a meningomyelocoele. In 2 dysfunction was non-neurogenic. Patients were selected on the base of urodynamic investigation in which low bladder cystometric capacity was caused by detrusor overactivity and poor bladder compliance. This type of therapy was started in patients who had not responded to oral oxybutynin therapy, had major side-effects, or oral therapy had not been possible. All were on clean intermittent catheterisation. The effects on the functional parameters were estimated in urodynamic investigations. With the aim of estimating systemic side-effects blood pressure and heart rate was monitored during Atropine infusion. RESULTS: 6 patients responded to intravesical instillation of Atropine. The increase in bladder cystometric capacity was caused by the decrease in bladder overactivity. No effect on bladder wall compliance was noted. No systemic side-effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Intravesical Atropine instillation was useful method of treatment in some patients with detrusor overactivity. 2. No systemic side effects were noted. 3. Because of limited effectiveness and low cost, this method should be considered as an alternative way of decreasing bladder overactivity.

Administration, Intravesical↗

PubMed1998

[Electrostimulation in treatment of neurogenic and non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction].

UNLABELLED: The efficiency of transcutaneous and intravesical temporary electrostimulation were evaluated in patients with neurogenic and non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction. Non-invasive electrostimulation was performed in 42 children with voiding dysfunction, at the age of 4 months to 15 years. In 5 children rectal electrode and impulse frequency of 50 Hz was used because of incompetent urethral function. In 9 children with detrusor overactivity rectal electrode and impulse frequency of 5 Hz was used. In 12 girls with discoordinated voiding electrostimulation with rectal electrode was used in biofeedback training. In one case intravesical electrostimulation was used in a girl with lazy bladder syndrome. In 15 patients with neurogenic voiding dysfunction intravesical electrostimulation was used to improve bladder sensation. The efficiency of the treatment was evaluated on the base of urodynamic investigation and patients' observations. The improvement was observed in 3 children from the group with urethral incompetence, both in urodynamic parameters and subjective patients' observations. One girl claimed no change in continence despite improvement in cystometric and profilometric testing. In one girl no change in urodynamic evaluation and continence was observed. Good results were observed in the group of 9 girls in which electrostimulation with rectal electrode was a part of the biofeedback training in discoordinated voiding. In the group of 9 children in whom electrostimulation with rectal electrode was used because of detrusor overactivity in 5 cases improvement in cystometric capacity was estimated. The estimation of usefulness of the intravesical electrostimulation in patients with neurogenic voiding dysfunction is not possible because of too short time of observation and the age of patients. We had to stop stimulation with rectal electrode in one patient because of inflammation of the skin in perineal region caused by cystitis. In two children stimulated with intravesical electrodes a new infection of urinary tract was observed. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Electrostimulation is a non-invasive, save method in the treatment of voiding dysfunction. 2. Electrostimulation with rectal electrodes is an effective method of treatment in cases of urethral incompetence, and an alternative method of treatment for detrusor overactivity. 3. Electrostimulation with rectal electrodes is an additional tool in biofeedback training of discoordinated voiding.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Staghorn calculi of the kidney and ureter as a urologic complication ina child with cerebral palsy].

UNLABELLED: We present a child with cerebral palsy, treated for renal and ureteral staghorn calculi. Calculosis was associated with neurogenic voiding dysfunction. CASE REPORT: A 10 year boy was admitted to Pediatric Surgery Clinic in Poznań because of urolithiasis. In neurologic examination four-extremities spastic paresis and convergent strabismus was found. Intellectual contact with this child was very poor. Constant urine leakage from urethra was observed. In urine analysis pH < 7, leucocytes and erythrocytes, in urine culture Proteus vulgaris > 10(5). Ultrasonography revealed three staghorn calculi in right kidney. On the plain x-ray film three calculi in right kidney and two staghorn calculi in right ureter. In urodynamic evaluation in cystometry: low bladder compliance, no detrusor overactivity, no bladder sensation, "leak point" pressure 25-27 cm H2O. In profilometry incompetent urethral closure mechanism. All stones were evacuated during one operation. Postoperative course was uneventful. Risk factors in the treatment of patients with cerebral palsy are stressed. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Dysfunction of lower urinary tract is an important clinical problem in children with cerebral palsy. 2. Voiding dysfunction could be a risk factor in the development of urinary stones. 3. In the treatment of children with cerebral palsy multispecialistic team is needed.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed1998

[The role of psychogenic factors as a cause of urinary retention in a patient with lazy bladder syndrome].

UNLABELLED: We present a child with "Lazy Bladder Syndrome". In this case psychogenic factors appeared to play an important role in the development of the voiding dysfunction in her. This factors influenced also the course of the treatment. CASE REPORT: A 14 years old girl admitted to Paediatric Surgery Clinic in Poznań with urine retention lasting for 20 hours. The child came of the pathologic family, and did not live with its parents. In the anamnesis: irregular mictions with episodes of urine retention. In clinical examination we found only bladder reaching the umbilicus, from which after catheterisation we got 1300 ml of urine. Antibacterial agent and observation was prescribed. After next 12 hours she passed no urine and intermittent catheterisation was started. Ultrasonography was normal. In urodynamic investigation we found in voiding cystometry: high bladder compliance, low bladder sensation with F.D. at capacity of 1000 ml. With normal relaxation in the EMG, detrusor contractions were observed neither in lying nor in sitting position. There was no pathology in the cystoscopy. Consulting neurologist found no pathology. EEG was normal. Conservative treatment with intermittent catheterisation, alfa-blocker and cisapride was continued. Consulting psychiatrist prescribed Mianserin. No spontaneous miction was observed after three weeks of this conservative treatment. The girl was sent to sanatorium, where she continued therapy. After 10 day resting in sanatorium she started spontaneous micturitions. She refused further cystometric examinations. In five consecutive uroflowmetries she passed 280 to 780 ml of urine in one portion with high flow rates. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Both functional and psychogenic factors are important in the development of "Lazy Bladder Syndrome". 2. In patients with voiding dysfunction the results of urodynamic evaluation are the most important. 3. Multispecialistic team is needed in the treatment of children with "Lazy Bladder Syndrome".

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Low-dose radiation therapy for age-related macular degeneration.

BACKGROUND: The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of low-dose radiation therapy in patients with age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: One hundred eyes of 78 patients (mean age 72 years) with different forms of age-related macular degeneration were treated with external beam radiotherapy between 1971 and 1989. In four fractions a total dose of 2 Gy was administered over 7 days. Radiation therapy was performed by the conventional 200-kV technique. The mean duration of follow-up period was 7 years (range 0.5 to 20 years). A control group was composed of 96 eyes from patients with AMD who received no therapy. The mean visual acuity at first presentation and the duration of follow-up was the same as in the treatment group. RESULTS: No difference in visual acuity between the treatment and control groups could be observed. After 1, 2, 5 and 10 years the mean visual acuity was equal in the radiation group and the control group. Even in subgroup analysis regarding only the eyes with exudative forms of AMD, no effect of this treatment strategy could be demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that low-dose radiation therapy in patients with age-related macular degeneration has no beneficial effect. However, it must be considered that the dose of 2 Gy is low in comparison to doses used in recently published studies (5-24 Gy).

Aged↗

PubMed1997

[Retinal detachment in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Treatment by pars plana vitrectomy].

UNLABELLED: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is an hereditary connective tissue disorder caused by defective collagen synthesis, the main features being hyperelasticity and vulnerability of the skin, recurrent bleeding from fragile blood vessels, and secondary deformities of the joints. Ocular involvement is a rare occurrence, e.g., corneal and scleral rupture from minor blunt injury, lens displacement, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. To date, few reports exist concerning the treatment of retinal detachment in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, all of them dealing exclusively with conventional scleral buckling surgery. PATIENT AND METHODS: We report on a 47-year-old male patient suffering from EDS type VI (so-called ocular type, lysine-hydroxylase deficiency). He presented with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in his only eye. A scleral buckling procedure was not feasible because of marked scleral atrophy. A three-port vitrectomy was therefore carried out. RESULTS: During the operation, pronounced choroidal detachment and bleeding developed, subsiding within weeks postoperatively. Closure of the sclerotomies was difficult due to scleral thinning. Two revitrectomies were necessary because anterior PVR with traction retinal detachment occurred. The last revitrectomy was performed 18 months ago, and the retina has been completely reattached under 5000 cs silicone oil since then. Visual acuity is 0.1. CONCLUSION: Primary vitrectomy permits successful treatment of retinal detachment in EDS patients if a buckling procedure cannot be performed because of scleral atrophy. However, serious complications may occur. Surgical procedures other than primary vitrectomy should therefore always be carefully considered, e.g., pneumatic retinopexy, temporary balloon, dura patch with episcleral pocket.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome↗

PubMed1997

[Labor monitoring and indications for abortion and cesarean section in eye diseases--an overview].

BACKGROUND: Management of labor and indications for abortion in ophthalmologic diseases are discussed controversially in literature. Overtreatment is still frequent. In diseases like pseudotumor cerebri, high myopia, retinal detachment, retinopathy in EPH-gestosis, uveal melanoma and diabetic retinopathy, the question for optimal management of labor or interruption rises mainly from gynaecologists. METHODS: In this review these conditions will be discussed with the literature--obtained by a medline-research. CONCLUSIONS: In the ophthalmologist's point of view--there are no indications for interruption or section caesarean in patients with above mentioned ophthalmologic diseases.

Abortion, Eugenic↗

PubMed1997

[Pseudotumor cerebri and pregnancy--a case report].

BACKGROUND: Indications for section caesarean or interruption in ophthalmologic diseases are discussed controversially in the literature and are often overemphasized. CASE REPORT: A 34-year-old VII-gravida VI-para consulted our clinic for the first time in her 14th week of pregnancy because of bilateral papilledema. There was no indication for EPH-gestosis, neurological examination als well as MRT were normal. In control examinations--first every 3 weeks, then with the beginning of the 30th week of pregnancy every week--the clinical course was uneventful: visual acuity remained on both sides 1.0, on the right eye more than on the left eye the discs appeared prominent with hazy margins, the blind spot was enlarged on the right eye more than on the left eye. Furthermore there was intermittent myopia. In the 37th week of pregnancy section caesarean was performed because of gynecological indications. At the last examination, 4 weeks later, there was a nearly complete restitution ad integrum. CONCLUSION: Indications for section caesarean or interruption in patients with papilledema due to pseudotumor cerebri will be discussed with the literature.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Vitrectomy in diabetic patients with a blind fellow eye.

Results of pars plana vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy were analysed in 32 consecutive patients with a blind fellow eye due to diabetic eye disease. The mean follow-up period was 22.3 months. Only 16% of all eyes examined had received full scatter photocoagulation prior to referral for vitrectomy. Out of 9 eyes with vitreous haemorrhage, 8 improved to a visual acuity of > or = 0.2 postoperatively. Amid 23 eyes which were vitrectomized for advanced traction retinal detachment, only 4 eyes improved to a postoperative visual acuity of > or = 0.02. In this group 12 eyes deteriorated after vitrectomy, 3 eyes progressing to no light perception. The postoperative visual outcome after vitrectomy for traction retinal detachment in this group of diabetics with a blind fellow eye (mean postoperative visual acuity 0.03 +/- 0.05) was significantly worse (p < 0.000) compared to a group of 196 patients with a seeing fellow eye who were vitrectomized for traction retinal detachment at our clinic (mean postoperative visual acuity 0.09 +/- 0.11). Therefore we conclude that traction retinal detachment in this subgroup of patients is a particularly severe presentation of diabetic retinopathy with a guarded functional prognosis after vitrectomy. Our results demonstrate the importance of timely full scatter photocoagulation and early vitrectomy in eyes with progressive fibrovascular proliferation not responding to panretinal photocoagulation. We conclude that especially diabetic patients with a blind fellow eye must be followed closely and assigned to vitrectomy at an earlier stage of their disease in order to improve functional prognosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Complications of preventive cryoretinopexy in retinal foramina and degeneration in 1,000 eyes].

INTRODUCTION: Prophylactic treatment of full-thickness retinal breaks is widely accepted. The side effects and benefits of prophylactic treatment, however, have to be considered critically. The complication rates of prophylactic procedures must be compared. The aim of our study was to find out the complication rate of cryopexy in prophylactic retinal surgery. PATIENTS: Retrospectively we analyzed 1000 eyes of 746 patients who were prophylactically treated by cryopexy for different reasons. We included eyes with round holes, horse shoe tears and peripheral degenerations. Follow-up time ranged from 6 months to 7 years (average 30 months). RESULTS: Further surgical treatment was necessary in 3.4% of the patients (1.8% had a second cryopexy, 0.1% needed laser coagulation, and in 1.5% a subsequent scleral buckling procedure was necessary. In 17.6% of these cases (0.6% of all cases) the retinal detachment occurred in the periphery of the primary cryopexy after more than 1 year. In all our patients we did not find postoperative macular pucker or cystoid macular edema. CONCLUSIONS: The complication rate of cryopexy performed for the treatment of retinal holes and degeneration is low. This method has to be regarded as a therapeutic tool in the prophylactic treatment of (dangerous) retinal areas.

Adolescent↗