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Biomedical subjects

P L Joshi

Publications and source records attributed to P L Joshi.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Replacement-fed infants born to HIV-infected mothers in India have a high early postpartum rate of hospitalization.

Access to safe breast-feeding alternatives for HIV-infected mothers and their infants in many settings is limited. We compared the rates of early postpartum hospitalization of infants born to HIV-infected mothers using different infant-feeding practices in a large government hospital in Pune, India. From March 1, 2000 to November 30, 2001, infants born to HIV-infected mothers were followed in a postpartum clinic. All mothers had received a standard short course of antenatal zidovudine. Infant-feeding practices were assessed within 3 d of delivery, prior to postpartum hospital discharge. Sixty-two of 148 mothers (42%) were breast-feeding their infants. Eighty-six of the mothers (58%) were providing replacement feeding, primarily diluted cow, goat or buffalo milk (top feeding). Twenty-one of the 148 participating infants (14.2%) born during the study period required hospitalization within the 1st 6 mo of life and 6 infants required repeat hospitalization. All hospitalized infants were receiving replacement feeding with a rate of 0.093 hospitalizations per 100 person-days (95% CI, 0.062 to 0.136). The reasons for hospitalization included acute gastroenteritis (48.1%), pneumonia (18.5%), septicemia (11.1%) and jaundice (11.1%). A high risk for early postpartum hospitalization was seen in replacement-fed infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Pune, India. In settings such as India, where access to safe replacement feeding is limited, interventions making exclusive breast-feeding safer for HIV-infected mothers and infants are needed. Such interventions would be valuable additions to the very effective national prevention programs that currently rely on the provision of short-course zidovudine and nevirapine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Sensitivity and specificity of rapid HIV testing of pregnant women in India.

OBJECTIVE: Efforts to prevent HIV transmission from mother to infants in settings like India may benefit from the availability of reliable methods for rapid and simple HIV screening. Data from India on the reliability of rapid HIV test kits are limited and there are no data on the use of rapid HIV tests for screening of pregnant women. METHODS: Pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic and delivery room in Pune agreed to participate in an evaluation of five rapid HIV tests, including (a) a saliva brush test (Oraquick HIV-1/2, Orasure Technologies Inc.), (b) a rapid plasma test (Oraquick HIV-1/2) and (c) three rapid finger prick tests (Oraquick HIV-1/2; HIV-1/2 Determine, Abbott; NEVA HIV-1/2 Cadila). Results of the rapid tests were compared with three commercial plasma enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests (Innotest HIV AB EIA, Lab systems/ELISCAN HIV AB EIA, UBI HIV Ab EIA). RESULTS: Between September 2000 and October 1, 2001, 1258 pregnant women were screened for HIV using these rapid tests. Forty-four (3.49%) of the specimens were HIV-antibody-positive by at least two plasma EIA tests. All of the rapid HIV tests demonstrated excellent specificity (96-100%). The sensitivity of the rapid tests ranged from 75-94%. The combined sensitivity and specificity of a two-step algorithm for rapid HIV testing was excellent for a number of combinations of the five rapid finger stick tests. CONCLUSION: In this relatively low HIV prevalence population of pregnant women in India, the sensitivity of the rapid HIV tests varied, when compared to a dual EIA algorithm. In general, the specificity of all the rapid tests was excellent, with very few false positive HIV tests. Based upon these data, two different rapid HIV tests for screening pregnant women in India would be highly sensitive, with excellent specificity to reliably prevent inappropriate use of antiretroviral therapy for prevention of vertical HIV transmission.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Synthesis of 11beta-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17beta-hydroxy-17alpha- (3-methyl-1-butynyl)-4, 9-estradien-3-one and 11beta-(4-acetophenyl)- 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-(3-methyl-1-butynyl)-4, 9-estradien-3-one: two new analogs of mifepristone (RU-486).

From the structure activity relationship, two new analogs, 2 and 3, of the potent progesterone antagonist mifepristone 1 have been designed. The syntheses of these two analogs have been achieved in eleven steps through modified synthetic sequences and improved procedures starting from (+)-estrone. In comparison with mifepristone 1, the relative binding affinities of compound 2 for the progesterone receptor was found to be more, whereas that of compound 3 was less.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Validity of using slide positivity rate (SPR) in identification of high risk malarious segments in rural areas.

The Expert Committee Report-1995, recommended various parameters for identifying worst malaria affected segments in rural areas, which are mainly based on slide positivity rate (SPR). A analysis of the epidemiological data of Uttar Pradesh was carried out in different settings to study the sensitivity of SPR in identifying high risk areas. The validity of using SPR in the entire range in all settings is examined and appropriate corrective measures suggested.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed1996

A community-based study on the effect of hexachlorocyclo-hexane (HCH) exposure in spraymen and general population.

The study was carried out in Allahabad district, (Uttar Pradesh) with 260 spraymen as test subjects and 50 persons as controls from a sprayed and unsprayed village respectively. Majority of the spraymen (44%) had worked for 3-4 years (seasons) and 31% had worked in the programme for 5-10 years. The spraymen were relatively healthy with no complaints in 77% whereas the figures were 76% for the Community living in the sprayed village, and 50% for the Community in the unsprayed village. A comparison of the biochemical parameters revealed lowered Cholesterol more than 150 mg % in 38% of the spraymen and 58% had altered A:G ratio. Other biochemical estimations were not significantly different from the control population. The mean residue of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Isomers and the total Alpha, Beta and Gamma isomers were 0.0317, 0.2254, 0.0288 and 0.2859 mg/1 respectively; the corresponding mean values in the control population were 0.0211, 0.1112, 0.0197 and 0.1520 mg/1 respectively. The values in spraymen were twice those of the general population. A significant association (p < .05) was observed between their length of exposure and the levels of Cholesterol and HCH isomers in blood of spraymen. No significant morbidity was evident in spraymen due to HCH exposure.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1991

Resistant falciparum malaria in an endemic area of Allahabad (U.P.).

Over the last three decades the problems of resistance in P. falciparum malaria to chloroquine have emerged in many parts of the world including India. The present study was carried out at PHC, Jasra, an endemic area for malaria in Allahabad distt. to ascertain the level of resistance to chloroquine in P. falciparum in selected villages according to WHO extended 28-day field test. One hundred one (58.4%) cases were positive for malaria. Amongst the positive cases, 92 (91.1%) showed P. falciparum and 9 (8.9%) P. vivax infection. Of the 92 cases, 31 (33.7%) showed resistance to chloroquine and 61 (66.3%) were sensitive to the standard dose of chloroquine. Out of the 31 resistant cases, 19 (61.3%) showed resistance at RI level and 12 (38.7%) at RII level.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus amongst blood donors.

The study was carried out on 186 professional blood donors. A detailed-socio economic profile of these donors was taken and the serum was tested for HBs. Ag. Majority (63.4 per cent) of the donors were in the age bracket of 30-40 years with an average age of 34 years. About 83.3 per cent were illiterate and belonged to the lowest rung of the socio economic scale. The average length of blood donation was observed to be 4 years with blood letting frequency of 4.4 within a stipulated period of three months. Most of them were anaemic with an average haemoglobin level of 8.2 gm per cent. The HBs Ag prevalence was observed to be 15.59 per cent. HBs Ag positivity was found to be significantly associated with the length and the frequency of blood donation (P less than .05). Remedial measures for prevention of viral hepatitis-B through professional blood donors was emphasized.

Adult↗