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P M Tukei

Publications and source records attributed to P M Tukei.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Risk factors for gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomonas infections among women attending family planning clinics in Nairobi, Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors for gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomonas infections among low risk women in Nairobi, Kenya. METHOD: In a cross-sectional study, 4,404 women attending two peri-urban family planning clinics between 1989 and 1991 were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and examined for signs of sexually transmitted disease (STD) infection. Cervical cultures for gonorrhoea, PAP smear (including microscopy for trichomonas), RPR and HIV testing were done. RESULTS: Positive cervical cultures for gonorrhoea were found in 3.2% of women, positive syphilis serology in 1.9%, and positive trichomonas microscopy in 5.2%. Genital ulcers were found in 1.9% of women. Although unmarried status and reporting more than one sex partner in the previous year were both significantly associated with each disease in the crude analysis, these associations were attenuated after controlling for each other and for other risk factors. The population attributable risks (PARs) for these factors were low (7-16%) owing to the high proportion of cases who were married and monogamous. The majority of women with microbiological evidence of infection had normal pelvic examinations. Clinical diagnostic algorithms for STDs in this population had a low sensitivity and positive predictive value. Nevertheless, a strong association between HIV seropositivity and STDs was observed. CONCLUSION: The low population attributable risks found in this study suggest that behaviour change messages directed to women, particularly if they are married have a low potential for preventing STDs. The poor performance of clinical diagnostic algorithms illustrates the desirability of testing these algorithms in a variety of populations and reinforces the need for low-cost methods of microbiologic diagnosis if populations with relatively low prevalences of these infections are to be included in programmes to diagnose and treat STDs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in a rural community in Muranga, Kenya.

One hundred and seventy four high risk cases were vaccinated at Muranga district in Kenya. The plasma derived HB vaccine was used in 61 cases (group 1) and recombinant HB vaccine was used in 113 cases (group 2). Fifty five cases (90.2%) in group 1 and 112 (99.1%) cases in group 2 seroconverted. Anti-HBc seroconversion occurred in one case during the study period. Significant anti-HBs seroconversion were obtained both for plasma derived HB vaccine and recombinant HB vaccine. In infants, there was statistically significant difference between the geometrical mean of anti HBs titres in group 1 and that in group 2. The recombinant vaccine was more effective than the plasma derived vaccine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of human rotavirus strains causing gastroenteritis in Kenya.

Human rotavirus strains from Kenya, from children with gastroenteritis in an urban area (Nairobi) and three rural areas were characterized by antigenic and genomic analysis. While in all areas strains with subgroups II and G serotype 1 antigens were most common, two unusual strains were detected. One strain (NK59: subgroup II, G serotype 4) possessed an additional RNA band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the other (D202) which had antigenic specificity of subgroup II and G serotype 1 showed a 'short' RNA pattern. The latter strain was adapted to growth in cell culture.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1991

Seroepidemiological study for HBV markers and anti-delta in Kenya.

An HBV carrier rate of 3.0% in outpatients and 1.4% in school children, was found in a sero-epidemiological survey in Muranga District, Kenya. The prevalence of anti-Delta in HBV carriers was 42%. The prevalence of HBV carriers and HBV marker positive cases was high in family members of HBV carriers. The yearly attack ratio of HBV was low in primary school children, non-carrier family members and even carrier family members. Mother to baby vertical transmission was very high when mothers were HBeAg positive HBV carriers. Such vertical transmission may now be of major importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Serological evidence of arboviral infections among humans of coastal Kenya.

A serosurvey was conducted during September 1987 for evidence of human arboviral infections in the Coast Province of Kenya. Sera were collected from 1624 outpatients at three hospitals and tested for antibody to eight arboviruses by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. Antibody prevalence rates were: Rift Valley fever, 2.8%; Sindbis, 2.6%; dugbe, 2.1%; dengue-2, 1.0%; West Nile, 0.9%; chikungunya, 0.7% and Nairobi sheep disease, 0.3%. Evidence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viral antibody was not detected. The data suggested low arbovirus activity since 1982, when an epidemic of dengue occurred in this region, and revealed the first evidence of dugbe viral infection among humans in Kenya.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A community based longitudinal study of viral hepatitis B in a rural community.

Community based longitudinal epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was done in Maragua between June 1986 and November 1987. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate in the community was 3%. The high risk groups of HBV infection in the community were members of HBV carrier families and babies born to highly infectious mothers. Horizontal transmission of HBV at school did not seem to be very important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiology of hepatitis B in eastern Kenya.

A cross-sectional survey of outpatients attending the three distinct hospitals in the towns of Mombasa, Kilifi, and Malindi was conducted to determine the patterns of hepatitis B transmission in eastern Kenya. Of 1,533 study subjects (mean age 21.9 +/- 13.2 years; range, 4 months to 80 years), 11.4% were positive for HBsAg and 56.2% were seropositive for at least one hepatitis B marker (HBsAg, anti-HBs, or anti-HBc). Anti-delta antibody was found in 1.2% of HBsAg-positive samples. HBeAg was found in 36.0% of HBsAg-positive samples obtained from women of childbearing age. The prevalence of seropositivity for hepatitis B markers was positively correlated with age, increasing from 20% in subjects less than 4 years old to more than 80% in study subjects greater than 40 years old. On multivariate analysis, male sex was found to be associated with HBsAg positivity, and age and previous deliveries of children were associated with seropositivity for any hepatitis marker (HBsAg, anti-HBs, or anti-HBc). An effective hepatitis B immunization strategy in this region of Kenya would require vaccination early in life because a major portion of hepatitis B transmission occurs in childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Epidemic yellow fever in eastern Nigeria, 1986.

An epidemic of yellow fever occurred in the eastern part of Nigeria during the second half of 1986. Oju, in Benue State, was the most heavily affected region, but yellow fever also occurred in surrounding areas, particularly Ogoja, in Cross River State. In Oju, the mean attack and mortality rates were 4.9% and 2.8%, respectively. Sex and age specific rates were highest in males and in the 20-29 yr age group. The overall case fatality rate was approximately 50%. Diagnosis was confirmed by IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and complement fixation (CF) tests. Entomological investigations implicated Aedes africanus as the epidemic vector. Oju alone probably had about 9800 cases of yellow fever with jaundice, and some 5600 deaths. Outbreaks of this nature could be prevented by inclusion of yellow fever in the Expanded Programme on Immunisation, in areas subject to recurrent epidemics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Viral etiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children in Nairobi, Kenya.

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the most common cause of illness and death in young children worldwide. Because of inadequate laboratory facilities and financial resources the etiological agents responsible for most cases in developing countries remain unknown, thus obviating appropriate management. Therefore, an ARI program was commenced at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya in 1981 with the objectives of establishing the microbial causes, clinical presentations, and diagnoses of ARI in children under 5 years of age and of developing simple, rapid, and inexpensive diagnostic techniques. Viruses were demonstrated in 54% of the 822 children studied, but over half of the viruses identified were types not commonly associated elsewhere with the causation of severe ARI. Respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza, and adenoviruses occurred in the same age groups and during similar weather conditions as elsewhere. Measles virus occurred most frequently in those 7 to 9 months old. Herpes simplex, rhino-, and enteroviruses play causative roles in some cases of severe ARI in Kenyan children. A combination of immunofluorescent and cell culture techniques were shown to be essential for the detection of viruses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Antigenic characterization of rotaviruses isolated in Kenya from 1982 to 1983.

The electropherotypes of human rotavirus RNAs from 100 diarrheic stool specimens collected in two major districts of Kenya from 1982 to 1983 were previously reported (Y. Chiba, C. Miyazaki, Y. Makino, L. N. Mutanda, A. Kibue, E. O. Lichenga, and P. M. Tukei, J. Clin. Microbiol. 19:579-582, 1984). Of these specimens, 25 that contained rotaviruses with different RNA electropherotypes were subjected to a virus isolation experiment with MA-104 cells, and 16 rotavirus strains were isolated. The use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with subgroup-specific monoclonal antibodies enabled us to successfully subgroup 15 isolates: 4 in subgroup I and 11 in subgroup II. By fluorescent-focus-neutralization test with serotype-specific rabbit antisera, 13 isolates could be serotyped: 7 as serotype 1, 4 as serotype 2, and 2 as serotype 3. Of the remaining three isolates, F153, F247, and G402, the former was doubly neutralizable with serotype 1 and serotype 4 antisera and the latter two were neutralizable with serotype 3 and serotype 4 antisera. Detailed analysis with the antisera against F153 and F247 and four serotype-specific, VP7-directed monoclonal antibodies suggested that F153 is a serotypic mosaic strain with serotype 4-specific VP3 and serotype 1-specific VP7 outer capsid proteins and F247 and G402 are possibly antigenic mosaic strains with serotype 3 and serotype 4 antigens. On the basis of the correspondence of the rotavirus isolate serotypes determined in this study to the electropherotypes reported previously, it was inferred that serotype 1 strains were most prevalent in two districts of Kenya from 1982 to 1983, followed by any type of serotypic mosaic strains.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗