Sterility, mechanical properties, and molecular stability of polylactide internal-fixation devices treated with low-temperature plasmas.
The effect of low-temperature plasma on sterility, molecular, mechanical, and crystalline properties of poly (L-lactide), poly (L/D-lactide) and poly (L/DL-lactide) was investigated. Polymers were treated for 15 and 30 min at 100 W with nitrogen, argon, oxygen, and carbon dioxide plasma. All polymers treated with oxygen or carbon dioxide plasma were rendered sterile after 15 min of treatment. Only 70% of the samples treated under similar conditions with nitrogen or argon plasma were sterile. Extension of the exposure time to 30 min and increasing power to 200 W did not improve sterilization efficiency. Plasma sterilization, under the conditions used, caused no significant decrease or increase in overall molecular weight or polydispersity of the polylactides used. In most instances the effect of plasma sterilization was to slightly increase the overall molecular weight of the polymers studied. Treatment with argon plasma led to a more consistent increase in molecular weight than did treatment with nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Analysis of the surface (skin) of a poly(L-lactide) injection-molded rod following plasma sterilization indicated an increase in molecular weight as related to the interior (core) of the rod. Comparison of Mark-Houwink plots for the surface and interior of poly(L-lactide) injection-molded rods following plasma sterilization indicated an increase in chain branching for the surface relative to the interior of the rod. Generally the highly crystalline poly(L-lactide) was less susceptible to change upon plasma treatment than was the less crystalline poly(L/D-lactide) and poly(L/DL-lactide). The mechanical properties (shear strength, bending strength, and moduli) of the polylactides were not affected by plasma treatment. The overall melting temperature and the heat of melting of polylactides studied were not affected by plasma treatment. The melting temperature of the skin of the samples was about 1 degree C higher than the melting temperature of the core due to the chain orientation upon injection-molding. Plasma treatment of the polylactides reduced the melting temperature of the skin by 3 degrees C to 5 degrees C due to the crosslinking or branching at the surface layer.