PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

P Marton

Publications and source records attributed to P Marton.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

The prevalence of cognitive distortion in depressed adolescents.

This study examined the prevalence of cognitive distortion in depressed adolescents. Ninety-four consecutive depressed adolescent psychiatric outpatients were administered the Beck Depression Inventory, the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Depressed patients who scored above a threshold for cognitive distortion were compared to those who fell below the threshold. Of the depressed patients, 47.4% were found to meet the severity criteria for cognitive distortion, while the remaining 52.6% were found to be below the severity threshold. Cognitive distortion was associated with more severe symptoms of depression, lack of social self confidence and greater introversion. These results do not support the hypothesis that cognitive distortion is universal in clinical depression. However, they do suggest that cognitive distortion is associated with more severe depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Specificity of psychoanalytic hypotheses regarding the onset of adolescent psychoses: an empirical test of a psychodynamic model.

The specificity of psychodynamic hypotheses regarding the onset of adolescent psychosis was assessed in a group of rigorously diagnosed psychotic (N = 75) and depressed (N = 53) adolescents. None of the four operationally defined psychodynamic hypotheses purported to be etiologically specific in the onset of adolescent psychotic illness: success and its opportunities; intimacy and its attempts; intent to act autonomously; or involved in insight-oriented psychotherapy was more commonly observed in the psychotic than the depressed group, thereby not supporting the hypotheses. The consequences of this finding are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Substance abuse among adolescents with chronic mental illnesses: a pilot study of descriptive and differentiating features.

Twenty-six adolescents with a chronic mental illness (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder of at least 1.5 years' duration) were assessed for the presence or absence of comorbid substance abuse. The two groups were compared on a number of variables believed to identify or predict substance abuse. The substance abusing subgroup were significantly different in levels of social functioning, school achievement, premorbid substance abuse, having parents or siblings who abused substances, dysfunctional families, cigarette smoking, number of hospital admissions, and emergency room visits. These findings are discussed in the context of clinical issues regarding the management of adolescents with chronic mental illnesses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

REM latency in endogenously depressed adolescents.

Twenty-three adolescents with DSM-III major depressive disorder (endogenous subtype) and 23 normal controls were studied polysomnographically (PSG). The depressed group showed significantly shortened REM latencies (P = 0.005) and longer sleep latencies (P = 0.04). No other PSG measures differentiated the two groups. The implications of these findings for adolescent depression are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

On the dynamic organization of memory. A mathematical model of associative free recall.

The interaction of memory structures and retrieval dynamics is discussed. A mathematical model for associative free recall is presented to support the view that the organization of simple processing units plays an important role in the retrieval of memory traces. Computer simulations show that "flexibility" and "fidelity" of the dynamics strongly depend on the network structure, the amplification and decay parameters, and the noise term.

Association Learning↗
PubMed1991

Affective disorders in first-degree relatives of adolescent onset bipolars, unipolars, and normal controls.

Two hundred and fifty-nine first-degree relatives of 23 adolescent bipolars (81 relatives); 26 unipolars (95 relatives); and 24 normal controls (83 relatives) were assessed for the presence of affective disorders, using the family history method. First-degree relatives of bipolar probands were significantly more likely to have a bipolar illness than those of unipolar probands (p = 0.03) and normal controls (p = 0.001). Rates of unipolar depression in first-degree relatives of bipolars and unipolars were not significantly different but differed significantly between bipolars and normals (p = 0.002) and unipolars and normals (p = 0.006). The implications of these findings for clinical work, diagnosis, and research in adolescents with affective disorders are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Nocturnal cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone, and growth hormone secretory profiles in depressed adolescents.

Twelve depressed adolescents and 12 controls matched for age, sex, Tanner stage, time of menstrual cycle (females), weight, and time of year assessed were studied over 3 nights. Measurements for cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone, and growth hormone were made on serum collected at 10 P.M., 12 midnight, 1 A.M., 2 A.M., 3 A.M., 4 A.M., and 6 A.M. in eight pairs and every 20 minutes from 8 P.M. to 7 A.M. in four pairs. Cortisol secretion did not significantly differentiate the groups. Thyroid stimulating hormone secretion was significantly elevated in the depressed group at one time point. Growth hormone secretion significantly differentiated the two groups at most time points, and the depressed adolescents significantly hypersecreted growth hormone (area under the curve). Implications for the diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of adolescent depression are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Consistency and change in personality characteristics and affect from middle to late adolescence.

Non clinical adolescents in a longitudinal study were examined at ages 16 and 18 to see whether or not there were changes in personality functioning, attitudes and affect over time, and whether or not these were related to each other. Personality functioning remained fairly consistent at both ages, with marked personality problems occurring in about one out of seven. As a group, the older adolescents demonstrated more anxiety and depression, as well as changes in certain attitudes such as more curiosity and interest in people. For individual adolescents it was found that there was considerable predictability of affect and attitudes at age 18 from the presentation at age 16. Furthermore, a relative increase in the amount of anger in middle adolescence was a predictor of personality problems in late adolescence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Diagnostic utility of the Beck Depression Inventory with adolescent psychiatric outpatients and inpatients.

The utility of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for differentiating adolescents with depressive disorders from adolescents with non affective psychiatric disorders was examined using a sample of 93 psychiatric outpatients and 26 inpatients. The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) was administered to establish the patients' diagnosis. Psychiatric diagnoses were made by experienced clinicians who used all available information on the patient. The BDI scores discriminated between patients with depressive disorders and patients with non affective psychiatric disorders. This differentiation was true for boys and girls, outpatients and inpatients. The classification accuracy of the instrument was 75% at thresholds of 11 and 16 on the scale. The results indicate that the BDI is a useful instrument for screening for depression in adolescents, and can also be used in conjunction with other tests. However, the BDI by itself is inadequate to establish a diagnosis of depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Response to desipramine treatment in adolescent major depression.

Thirty adolescents (ages 15-20) who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose (200 mg daily) study of desipramine (DMI). Thirty-three percent of the placebo group and 50 percent of the DMI group improved (greater than or equal to 50% change on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression). Subjective reports of adverse effects did not significantly differentiate the two groups. Major adverse effects, necessitating study discontinuation, occurred solely in the DMI group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Adolescent bipolar illness and personality disorder.

The relationship between adolescent bipolar illness and personality disorder has not been explored. Studies of adult bipolars suggest a bipolar illness/borderline personality disorder (BPD) association. Twenty euthymic bipolar teens were assessed using the Personality Disorders Examination. Thirty-five percent met DSM-III-R criteria for at least one personality disorder. Three of the 20 (15%) had a borderline personality disorder diagnosis. The bipolar illness with personality disorder group differed significantly from the bipolar illness without personality disorder group in terms of increased lithium unresponsiveness (p less than 0.05) and neuroleptic treatment at time of personality assessment (p less than 0.01), but not in terms of age, sex, age of illness onset, serum lithium level, rapid cycling, substance abuse history, alcohol abuse history, or number of suicide attempts. Issues regarding the study of personality disorder in adolescent bipolars are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Personality status: changes through adolescence.

1. Forty-two percent of a nonclinical sample of urban 18 year olds displayed some degree of personality dysfunction. This rate of disturbance is similar to a previously reported rate for 13 year olds, but higher than the prevalence rate for 16 year olds. Thus, early and late adolescence seem to represent "at risk periods" for the genesis of character pathology. 2. In late adolescence, the form of this disturbance is as follows: 40% fall into a histrionic, borderline, narcissistic cluster, whereas nearly 30% demonstrate an atypical or mixed picture. This differs markedly from the distribution of dysfunction in earlier subphases. 3. Thirty-eight percent of the disturbed sample showed evidence of dysfunction at all three subphases (early, middle, and late), whereas 62% fluctuated in or out of disturbance at one subphase or another. 4. There was a notable lack of consistency with respect to type of personality dysfunction from both a group and individual perspective, except for paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal disturbance. This particular cluster retained both group and individual stability from age 13 to 18. 5. Two trends were evident however: teenagers who initially presented as avoidant, dependent, compulsive, or passive-aggressive seemed to grow out of their dysfunction. By age 18, hardly any of the original subjects remained in this cluster, and most had become clear. Secondly, most of the adolescents identified as antisocial in early or middle adolescence migrated into the histrionic, narcissistic, borderline cluster in late adolescence. This latter group showed a steady increase throughout the time span studied, suggesting the importance of developmental factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Utility of the Beck Depression Inventory with psychiatrically disturbed adolescent outpatients.

Thirty-seven consecutively assessed adolescents were evaluated at two intervals, one week apart, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HLDRS). Scores on the two instruments were compared to each other and to the DSM-III clinical diagnosis. High scores on the BDI were not found to be specific to symptoms of patients with a diagnosis of depressive syndrome but rather measured the degree of subjective dysphoria. The severity of dysphoria was found to be greatest in the group with personality disorders and to vary most in this group from one week to the other. Suggestions for an appropriate use of the BDI in an adolescent population are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Adolescent personality development: three phases, three courses and varying turmoil. Findings from the Toronto Adolescent Longitudinal Study.

The Toronto Adolescent Longitudinal Study was launched in 1977 to examine personality development in a non-clinical sample of children from ages ten through 19 over an eight year period. Following a description of their conceptualized model of personality and of the nature of the study, the authors summarize their findings which suggest new perspectives in three areas of adolescent personality development: 1) the subphases of adolescence, 2) the routes of passage through which adolescents proceed, and 3) adolescent turmoil.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Relationship between psychiatric illness and conduct disorder in adolescents.

Ninety-six psychiatrically ill adolescents admitted to an adolescent inpatient service were systematically assessed to determine the morbidity of conduct disorder (CD), with other Axis I psychiatric disorders. Twenty-six (27%) met DSM-111 criteria for CD in addition to other Axis I disorders. A CD diagnosis was significantly associated with substance abuse, and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Although CD was found in 21% of depressives it was more commonly found in patients with psychotic disorders (25%) and bipolar (42%) disorders. These findings suggest that CD may be commonly found in a variety of adolescent psychiatric disorders. The implications of this finding for pharmacologic treatment of CD, the clinical assessment of the CD patient, and possible relationships between CD and adolescent psychiatric disorders are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Personality dysfunction in depressed adolescents.

The personality characteristics of 35 consecutively assessed adolescents who met the DSM-III criteria for a current depressive disorder were assessed using independent structured interviews and paper and pencil measures. Sixty-five percent of the sample met the criteria for an Axis II personality disorder. The single most common diagnosis was borderline personality disorder (30%). Depressed adolescents with a concurrent personality disorder were less self-confident, displayed more neuroticism, and were emotionally reliant on others. They also demonstrated greater cognitive distortion. Teenagers who present with a depressive disorder warrant a comprehensive personality assessment. The combination of affective and personality disorder in such patients is associated with attitudes and interpersonal problems which should be therapeutically addressed in addition to symptomatic treatment of the depressed mood. Clinicians should be aware that depressed adolescents with personality disorder may be more likely to make a suicide attempt.

Adolescent↗