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Biomedical subjects

P R Shaver

Publications and source records attributed to P R Shaver.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Attachment theory and intergroup bias: evidence that priming the secure base schema attenuates negative reactions to out-groups.

Five studies examined the effects of priming the secure base schema on intergroup bias. In addition, Studies 1-2 examined the effects of dispositional attachment style, Studies 2-5 examined a mood interpretation, Study 3 examined the mediating role of threat appraisal, and Studies 4-5 examined the effects of secure base priming while inducing a threat to self-esteem or cultural worldview. Secure base priming led to less negative evaluative reactions toward out-groups than positive affect and neutral control conditions. In addition, whereas the effects of secure base priming did not depend on attachment style and were not explained by mood induction, they were mediated by threat appraisal and occurred even when self-esteem or cultural worldview was threatened. The discussion emphasizes the relevance of attachment theory for understanding intergroup attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Adult attachment and the defensive regulation of attention and memory: examining the role of preemptive and postemptive defensive processes.

Previous research has found that avoidant adults have more difficulty recalling emotional experiences than do less avoidant adults. It is unclear, however, whether such findings reflect differences in the degree to which avoidant adults (a) attend to and encode emotional information, (b) elaborate emotional information they have encoded, or (c) do both. Two studies were conducted to distinguish between the effects of these processes. Participants listened to an interview about attachment-related issues and were asked to recall details from the interview either immediately or at variable delays. An analysis of forgetting curves revealed that avoidant adults initially encoded less information about the interview than did nonavoidant adults, although avoidant and nonavoidant adults forgot the information they did encode at the same rate. The implications of these findings for current views on the nature and efficacy of defenses are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Physical and functional interactions between the herpes simplex virus UL15 and UL28 DNA cleavage and packaging proteins.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA is cleaved from concatemers and packaged into capsids in infected cell nuclei. This process requires seven viral proteins, including UL15 and UL28. UL15 expressed alone displays a nuclear localization, while UL28 remains cytoplasmic. Coexpression with UL15 enables UL28 to enter nuclei, suggesting an interaction between the two proteins. Additionally, UL28 copurified with UL15 from HSV-infected cells after ion-exchange and DNA affinity chromatography, and the complex sedimented as a 1:1 heterodimer upon sucrose gradient centrifugation. These findings are evidence of a physical interaction of UL15 and UL28 and a functional role for UL15 in directing UL28 to the nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence.

Attachment style differences in psychological symptomatology, self-concept, and risky or problem behaviors were examined in a community sample (N = 1,989) of Black and White adolescents, 13 to 19 years old. Overall, secure adolescents were the best-adjusted group, though not necessarily the least likely to engage in risky behaviors. Anxious adolescents were the worst-adjusted group, reporting the poorest self-concepts and the highest levels of symptomatology and risk behaviors. In contrast, avoidant adolescents reported generally high levels of symptomatology and poor self-concepts but similar levels of risk behaviors to those found among secures. Mediation analyses suggested that the observed differences in problem behaviors were at least partially accounted for by the differential experience of distress symptoms (primarily hostility and depression) and by social competence. Finally, patterns of attachment effects were similar across age, gender, and racial groups, with some important exceptions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Attachment styles and personality disorders: their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving.

Attachment theory was explored as a means of understanding the origins of personality disorders. We investigated whether adult attachment styles and personality disorders share a common underlying structure, and how both kinds of variables relate to family background factors, including parental death, parental divorce, and current representations of childhood relationships with parents. A nonclinical group of 1407 individuals, mostly adolescents and young adults, were surveyed about their attachment styles, parental marital status, parental mortality status, perceptions of treatment by parents in childhood, and 13 personality disorders. Results indicated substantial overlap between attachment and personality-disorder measures. Two of the personality-disorder dimensions are related to the two dimensions of the attachment space; that is, there is a two-dimensional space in which both the attachment patterns and most of the personality disorders can be arrayed. The one personality-disorder factor that is unrelated to attachment appears akin to psychopathy. Both personality disorders and attachment styles were associated with family-of-origin variables. Results are discussed in terms of encouraging further research to test the idea that insecure attachment and most of the personality disorders share similar developmental antecedents.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Children's religious knowledge: implications for understanding satanic ritual abuse allegations.

OBJECTIVES: The goals of the present study were to examine the extent of children's religious, especially satanic, knowledge and to understand the influence of children's age, religious training, family, and media exposure on that knowledge. METHODS: Using a structured interview, 48 3- to 16-year-old children were questioned about their knowledge of: (a) religion and religious worship; (b) religion-related symbols and pictures; and (c) movies, music, and television shows with religious and horror themes. RESULTS: Although few children evinced direct knowledge of ritual abuse, many revealed general knowledge of satanism and satanic worship. With age, children's religious knowledge increased and became more sophisticated. Increased exposure to nonsatanic horror media was associated with more nonreligious knowledge that could be considered precursory to satanic knowledge, and increased exposure to satanic media was associated with more knowledge related to satanism. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that children do not generally possess sufficient knowledge of satanic ritual abuse to make up false allegations on their own. However, many children have knowledge of satanism as well as nonreligious knowledge of violence, death, and illegal activities. It is possible that such knowledge could prompt an investigation of satanic ritual abuse or possibly serve as a starting point from which an allegation is erected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Adult attachment and the suppression of unwanted thoughts.

Dismissing-avoidant adults are characterized by expressing relatively low levels of attachment-related distress. However, it is unclear whether this reflects a relative absence of covert distress or an attempt to conceal covert distress. Two experiments were conducted to distinguish between these competing explanations. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to suppression resulted in a decrease in the accessibility of abandonment-related thoughts for dismissing-avoidant adults. Experiment 2 demonstrated that attempts to suppress the attachment system resulted in decreases in physiological arousal for dismissing-avoidant adults. These experiments indicate that dismissing-avoidant adults are capable of suppressing the latent activation of their attachment system and are not simply concealing latent distress. The discussion focuses on development, cognitive, and social factors that may promote detachment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample.

The explosion of adult attachment research in the last decade has been limited by its reliance on college student and distressed samples. Using a large nationally representative sample of American adults, the authors examined the relation of sociodemographics, childhood adversity, parental representations, adult psychopathology, and personality traits to adult attachment in an effort to replicate previous findings and extend the theory. Distribution of adult attachment styles was similar to that in prior studies: 59% secure, 25% avoidant, and 11% anxious. Adult attachment was associated with several sociodemographic variables (e.g., income, age, race) not previously studied. Childhood adversities of an interpersonal nature were strongly related to insecure adult attachment. Various types of adult psychopathologies and personality traits were also strongly related to adult attachment. Implications for adult attachment theory and future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The pseudorabies virus UL28 protein enters the nucleus after coexpression with the herpes simplex virus UL15 protein.

Herpesvirus DNA is packaged into capsids in the nuclei of infected cells in a process requiring at least six viral proteins. Of the proteins required for encapsidation of viral DNA, UL15 and UL28 are the most conserved among herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), varicella-zoster virus, and equine herpesvirus 1. The subcellular distribution of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) UL28 protein was examined by in situ immunofluorescence. UL28 was present in the nuclei of infected cells; however, UL28 was limited to the cytoplasm in the absence of other viral proteins. When cells expressing variant forms of UL28 were infected with a PRV UL28-null mutant, UL28 entered the nucleus, provided the carboxyl-terminal 155 amino acids were present. Additionally, PRV UL28 entered the nucleus in cells infected with HSV. Two HSV packaging proteins were tested for the ability to affect the subcellular distribution of UL28. Coexpression of HSV UL15 enabled PRV UL28 to enter the nucleus in a manner that required the carboxyl-terminal 155 amino acids of UL28. Coexpression of HSV UL25 did not affect the distribution of UL28. We propose that an interaction between UL15 and UL28 facilitates the transport of a UL15-UL28 complex to the infected-cell nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Attachment, attractiveness, and social interaction: a diary study.

To what extent are attachment styles manifested in natural social activity? A total of 125 participants categorized as possessing secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent attachment styles kept structured social interaction diaries for 1 week. Several theoretically important findings emerged. First, compared with secure and anxious-ambivalent persons, avoidant persons reported lower levels of intimacy, enjoyment, promotive interaction, and positive emotions, and higher levels of negative emotions, primarily in opposite-sex interactions. Analyses indicated that avoidant persons may structure social activities in ways that minimize closeness. Second, secure people differentiated more clearly than either insecure group between romantic and other opposite-sex partners. Third, the subjective experiences of anxious-ambivalent persons were more variable than those of the other groups. Finally, the authors examined and rejected the possibility that attachment effects might be confounded with physical attractiveness. These findings suggest that feeling and behaviors that arise during spontaneous, everyday social activity may contribute to the maintenance of attachment styles in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA cleavage and encapsidation require the product of the UL28 gene: isolation and characterization of two UL28 deletion mutants.

The herpes simplex virus type 1 UL28 gene contains a 785-amino-acid open reading frame that codes for an essential protein. Studies with temperature-sensitive mutants which map to the UL28 gene indicate that the UL28 gene product (ICP18.5) is required for packaging of viral DNA and for expression of viral glycoproteins on the surface of infected cells (C. Addison, F. J. Rixon, and V. G. Preston, J. Gen. Virol. 71:2377-2384, 1990; B. A. Pancake, D. P. Aschman, and P. A. Schaffer, J. Virol. 47:568-585, 1983). In this study, we describe the isolation of two UL28 deletion mutants that were constructed and propagated in Vero cells transformed with the UL28 gene. The mutants, gCB and gC delta 7B, contained deletions of 1,881 and 537 bp, respectively, in the UL28 gene. Although the mutants synthesize viral DNA, they fail to form plaques or produce infectious virus in cells that do not express the UL28 gene. Transmission electron microscopy and Southern blot analysis demonstrated that both mutants are defective in cleavage and encapsidation of viral DNA. Analysis by cell surface immunofluorescence showed that the UL28 gene is not required for expression of viral glycoproteins on the surface of infected cells. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum was made against an Escherichia coli-expressed Cro-UL28 fusion protein. This antibody reacted with an infected-cell protein having an apparent molecular mass of 87 kDa. The 87-kDa protein was first detected at 6 h postinfection and was expressed as late as 24 h postinfection. No detectable UL28 protein was synthesized in gCB- or gC delta 7B-infected Vero cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The UL6 locus of pseudorabies virus and its homology to oncogenic herpesviruses.

The UL6 locus of pseudorabies virus (PRV) was analyzed to reveal a gene cluster with homology to herpes simplex virus UL5, UL6, UL7 and UL8, Epstein-Barr virus BBRF1 and BBRF2, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus ORF43 and ORF42. The noncoding region between PRV UL7 and UL8 contained 16 copies of a 14 bp T + C-rich repeat element. The mRNA start sites for UL6 and UL7 were mapped by primer extension and UL6 was expressed in vitro. The mobility of the in vitro-expressed UL6 protein correlated with the predicted mass of 66 kDa. The relationship and potential significance of the UL6 locus with the corresponding sequences in oncogenic herpesviruses is discussed.

Animals↗