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Biomedical subjects

P Reinhold

Publications and source records attributed to P Reinhold.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Methodical studies of transmucosal oxygen partial pressure measurement in the calf and dog].

Transcutaneous PO2-measurement has been thought being non practicable in veterinary medicine. Consequently, the measuring method has been slightly modified. PO2 was taken from the mucous membrane of the lower surface of tongue. This has been practised in 6 dogs and 10 calves. We achieved a significant correlation between transmucosal and arterial PO2, taken simultaneously in each animal. Considering these results the use of transmucosal measurement may be recommended for a trend-measuring in anesthesized animals. Nevertheless, there has to be pointed out that transmucosal PO2 has to be interpreted regarding its complexity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Validation of the monofrequency forced oscillation technique for pulmonary function investigation in calves: an in vitro and in vivo study.

This study was to investigate whether the monofrequency forced oscillation (MFO) technique could be accurately used for pulmonary function testing in calves. The airflow resistance measured by this technique was compared to the resistance measured by the classical reference method by an in vitro study, using an artificial lung model, and by an in vivo study, using 11 healthy calves. The effect of the reference impedance of this oscillation equipment was also investigated. The results show linear relationships (r2 > 0.924, P < 0.001) in the resistance ranges 0 to 0.7 kPa litre-1 s and 0 to 1.0 kPa litre-1 s with a reference impedance of 1.0 kPa litre-1 s and 2.0 kPa litre-1 s, respectively. The MFO resistance values lower and higher than 0.4 kPa litre-1 s are slightly overestimated and underestimated, respectively. It was shown that, if some technical requirements are met, the MFO technique is a simple, reproducible, fast and accurate method which allows measurement of airflow resistance even in field conditions.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1992

Monofrequency oscillation technique in healthy and pneumonic calves younger than 2 months--physiological values and methodological aspects.

Using the monofrequency oscillation technique, the oscillatory measured resistance of the respiratory system (Ros) was determined in healthy and pneumonic calves younger than 2 months. Using a face mask, measurements were done in unsedated animals directly in the calfhouse. 106 clinically healthy calves were examined to determine the physiological range of Ros. Calves suffering from pneumonia showed significantly higher values of Ros which were positively correlated with the severity of pneumonic lesions as established by pathological investigations. In healthy calves, the variability of Ros due to biological aspects was found to be much higher than methodologically caused variability. It is concluded that the monofrequency oscillation technique is useful especially in individual investigations, e.g. control of therapy.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1992

[Diagnostic potential of biochemical and cytological parameters in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy calves and calves with pneumonia].

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (LF) was obtained from cranial as well as from caudal regions of the bovine lung in healthy and pneumonic calves. LF was investigated biochemically, cytologically, and bacteriologically. In healthy lungs free of pneumonic lesions, no differences due to the different parts of the lung were established. An increase in both protein content and number of cells and a marked influx of neutrophils were found to be the most important alterations caused by pneumonic lesions. The diagnostic potential of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and the size of alveolar macrophages in LF was validated.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

[Elimination of the obturator reflex as a specific indication for dilute solutions of etidocaine. A study of the suitability of a local anesthetic for reflex elimination in the 3-in-1 block technic].

Direct stimulation of the obturator nerve by the electroresectoscope during transurethral resection of tumors in lateral bladder regions is possible under regional or general anaesthesia without muscle relaxation. The resulting obturator reflex may lead to perforation of the bladder. Two different regional techniques can be used to interrupt the obturator reflex arc: (1) separate block of the obturator nerve; or (2) the "3-in-1 block" (Winnie). In the present study elimination of the obturator reflex was carried out by "3-in-1 block" with diluted solutions of etidocaine in 55 cases. Venous plasma levels of etidocaine were measured in 9 patients after application of etidocaine 0.5% (unilateral 30 ml and bilateral 60 ml). Samples were taken 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 120 min after the "3-in-1 block". RESULTS. The "3-in-1 block" with diluted etidocaine produced excellent motor block of the obturator nerve. Clinical side effects did not occur. Plasma peak levels reached 2.2 micrograms/ml; the protein binding rate was 85%-95%. DISCUSSION. Elimination of the obturator reflex is the only specific motor nerve block in anesthesia. Diluted etidocaine solutions seem to be adequate: irrespective the technique used for eliminating the reflex, diluted etidocaine produces a good effect and permits a dosage reduction compared with other local anesthetics. It is possible to block the obturator nerve bilaterally by "3-in-1 block" or unilaterally by "3-in-1 block" in combination with epidural analgesia within the recommended dose limits.

Acetanilides↗
PubMed1990

[Alfentanil combination anesthesia in infants].

In the last few years new narcotic agents with more favourable pharmacokinetic properties have been introduced into clinical practice. Short half-lives and smaller distribution volumes facilitate control of anaesthetic depth and shorten the recovery period. One of these narcotics is alfentanil. This study was performed on the effects of alfentanil when used during anaesthesia in infants under the age of one year. After induction and relaxation alfentanil 20 mcg/kg were given i.v. initially. The same dose was repeated as needed until 15 min. before surgery ended. The patients were ventilated with N2O/O2 (2:1). Muscle relaxation was maintained at 90-95% with vecuronium, monitoring "train of four" twitch response. The effects of alfentanil on airway pressure, pulse and blood pressure were measured during and without muscle relaxation. The time from end of surgery until full recovery was recorded. Percutaneous CO2-tension was measured in the recovery room. There were no clinical problems with induction or recovery. The average time until the infants opened their eyes and started moving was 1.8 min. No significant changes in pulse and blood pressure occurred during surgery. Airway pressure showed minimal increases when muscle relaxation decreased. These data suggest that alfentanil/N2O anaesthesia can be considered as an alternative if halogenated hydrocarbons are rated unsuitable in paediatric anaesthesia.

Alfentanil↗
PubMed1989

Influence of anesthetic induction with halothane and isoflurane on internal carotid blood flow velocity in early infancy.

In contrast to adult humans and animals, so far there are no studies in infancy on the effects of halothane and isoflurane on cerebral hemodynamics. We used transfontanellar Doppler ultrasonography to close this gap. In the study we looked at changes of Vmax as a measure of changes in cerebral blood flow. In 10 infants (4.7 +/- 1.0 kg BW) Vmax decreased 5 min after anesthetic induction with halothane 1.5% at 33%, and in a comparable group of 10 infants (5.3 +/- 1.2 kg BW) 5 min after anesthetic induction with an equipotential dose of isoflurane 2.5% at 28%. In 4 infants there was even a retrograde diastolic flow under anesthetic induction. This decrease was so far never seen in adults, in whom halothane increases cerebral blood flow and isoflurane has only little effect.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

[Measurement of resistance and deadspace of endotracheal tubes used in paediatric intensive care medicine (author's transl)].

It is reported about the evaluation of resistances and deadspaces of endotracheal tubes. The results show that the resistances of the tubes are similar to the resistances in the patient lungs. The deadspaces are small as compared to the physiological values. It is suggested that a patient with a endotracheal tube has a smaller deadspace than one without a tube.

Airway Resistance↗