Professional healthcare workers' attitudes toward treating patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Biomedical subjects
P Terry
Publications and source records attributed to P Terry.
Dopamine receptor subtype agonists and feeding behavior.
Stimulation or blockade of various dopamine receptor subtypes is associated with reduced feeding. For example, D2 receptor agonists suppress feeding in food-deprived and free-feeding rats, and in rats given access to a highly palatable diet. Similarly, reduced food intake is associated with the actions of diverse D1 receptor agonists, and these compounds can interact synergistically with D2 receptor agonists to potentiate reductions in feeding. Using microstructural analysis to compare D1 and D2 agonist effects, specific differences emerge in their modes of action. D1 agonists reduce the duration of feeding, primarily by decreasing the frequency of feeding bouts, whereas D2 agonists reduce the local rate of eating. However, since D1 agonists uniquely reduce feeding in the absence of other behavioral impairments and are less disruptive of the pattern of feeding behavior, it has been suggested that D1 agonists are more likely than D2 agonists to act on central mechanisms regulating food intake. Moreover, only D1 agonists are effective in suppressing sucrose sham-feeding, suggesting that D1 receptor stimulation may promote satiety. Nevertheless, many questions remain. For example, antagonist studies have implicated 5-HT receptor stimulation in the anorectic effects of D1 agonists, suggesting that further pharmacological and behavioral analyses of receptor-subtype agonist effects are required. Above all, recent developments in the classification of dopamine receptor subtypes reveal the need for new studies examining the involvement of D3, D4 and D5 receptors in feeding.
Animals↗
Artificial insemination in RhD negative women.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Evaluation of a nurse-based hypertension management program: screening, management, and outcomes.
This article reports the experience of patients with elevated blood pressure scheduled to be seen in a nurse-based hypertension management program in a large multispecialty group practice. The hypertension management program is a screening and follow-up program designed to improve the measurement and management of patients' blood pressure with standardized protocols. The cohort for this study of the effectiveness of the hypertension management program consisted of 200 patients with elevated blood pressure (140 referred directly for management and counseling, 60 entered through screening). At entry, only 17% of the patients had blood pressure within controlled limits (< 140/90 mm Hg). One year after entry in the management phase of the program, systolic pressure had decreased an average of 6.20 mm Hg (P < 0.01), and 44% of patients had blood pressure within controlled limits (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the use of standardized screening techniques using multiple measurements helps to ensure that patients will not be unnecessarily treated. Furthermore, patients who entered the program successfully lowered their blood pressure and maintained the reduction over time.
Blood Pressure↗
Antecedents of multidimensional competitive state anxiety and self-confidence in duathletes.
The purpose of this study was to explore the situational antecedents of multidimensional state anxiety among competitors in the sport of duathlon (run/cycle/run). Subjects (N = 122; Age: M = 28.3 yr., SD = 7.8 yr.) completed the Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 1 hr. before competition. In addition, they completed a 21-item Prerace Questionnaire modified for duathlon on which scores were factor analysed. Six factors accounted for 73.5% of the variance, similar to those identified by Jones, et al. in 1990. Step-wise multiple regression indicated that race goals and perceived readiness were significant predictors of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Self-confidence was also predicted by attitude toward previous performance. This finding supports the proposal that these anxiety subcomponents share common antecedents but challenges the notion that cognitive and somatic anxiety also have unique antecedents.
Adolescent↗
Effects of Intervention upon precompetition state anxiety in elite junior tennis players: the relevance of the matching hypothesis.
The matching hypothesis proposes that interventions for anxiety should be matched to the modality in which anxiety is experienced. This study investigated the relevance of the matching hypothesis for anxiety interventions in tennis. Elite junior tennis players (N = 100; Age: M = 13.9 yr., SD = 1.8 yr.) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 before and after one of four randomly assigned intervention strategies approximately one hour prior to competition at a National Junior Championship. A two-factor multivariate analysis of variance (group x time) with repeated measures on the time factor gave no significant main effect by group but indicated significant reductions in somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety and a significant increase in self-confidence following intervention. A significant group by time interaction emerged for self-confidence. The results question the need to match intervention strategy to the mode of anxiety experienced.
Adolescent↗
Differential relationships among dopamine transporter affinities and stimulant potencies of various uptake inhibitors.
Binding to the dopamine transporter and inhibiting dopamine reuptake are considered important factors in regulating behavioral effects of cocaine. One prominent behavioral effect of cocaine and other dopamine uptake inhibitors is the stimulation of locomotor activity. To examine the relationship between action at the dopamine transporter and behavior, the displacement of [3H]WIN 35,428 (CFT naphthalene sulfate; 2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane-1,5-naphthalene disulfonate) binding in rat caudate putamen by cocaine and other uptake inhibitors was compared with stimulation of mouse locomotor activity. There was a significant correlation among affinities for binding and potencies for stimulating activity for cocaine and structurally similar compounds. For structurally dissimilar uptake inhibitors, however, there was no significant correlation among potencies for stimulation of activity and affinity for displacement of [3H]WIN 35,428 binding. These findings provide evidence that cocaine analogs may bind to the dopamine transporter in a manner that is fundamentally different from that for structurally dissimilar uptake inhibitors.
Animals↗
What to advise patients about drinking alcohol. The clinician's conundrum.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Alcohol Drinking↗
A comparison of the effects of the D1 receptor antagonists SCH 23390 and SCH 39166 on suppression of feeding behavior by the D1 agonist SKF38393.
The hypophagic effect of the D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 is not dose-dependently antagonized by the D1 antagonist SCH 23390. Moreover, the receptor specificity of this interaction remains in question, since SCH 23390 has significant activity at both 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptors, and SKF 38393 also interacts with 5-HT1C receptors. To determine the relative significance of these actions, a comparison was made between the anorectic effects in rats of SCH 23390 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and the benzonaphthazepine SCH 39166 (0.1-3.0 mg/kg), a D1 antagonist with negligible affinity for 5-HT sites. Both compounds inhibited food-intake dose-dependently, with SCH 23390 being approximately twice as potent as SCH 39166. Behaviorally inactive and active doses of both antagonists were tested in combination with the D1 agonist SKF 38393 (10-56 mg/kg). Neither antagonist was able to produce more than a marginal attenuation of the agonist-induced hypophagia. This demonstrates that previous failures to reverse the behavioral actions of SKF 38393 by SCH 23390 were not due to specific actions of this particular antagonist. Finally, like SCH 23390, SCH 39166 (0.3 mg/kg) was able to attenuate fully the anorectic effects of the D1 agonist SKF 82958 (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg), demonstrating that neither compound is intrinsically unable to block D1 receptor-mediated hypophagia. The results demonstrate the generality of the D1 antagonist-mediated effect on feeding and call into question the use of SKF 38393 as a D1 agonist in studies of feeding, and perhaps in other contexts as well.
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
AIDS presenting as focal segmental membranous glomerulopathy.
The case of a young, heterosexual man who was investigated for proteinuria is reported. A renal biopsy specimen showed a focal and segmental membranous glomerulopathy. He was later found to be HIV positive and died from cerebral infarction associated with HIV vasculitis 16 months after his initial presentation. Unusual forms of immune complex mediated glomerulopathies should alert the pathologist to the possibility of HIV associated disease.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Beyond report cards: a health profile for HealthPartners Health Plan and the Business Health Care Action Group.
HealthPartners Health Plan and the "Business Health Care Action Group" (a buyer's coalition) operate in a market place increasingly concerned about accountability and quality improvement. Improving the population's health is a strategy that satisfies the mission and business purposes of employers and health care providers alike. Proposed quality measures and "report cards" have focused on clinical performance standards such as procedure rates or adherence to clinical practice guidelines. This paper describes a unique collaboration between an HMO and a purchasing coalition to assess member health status and health risks as a catalyst for increasing consumer involvement in health care.
Community Participation↗
Pharmacological characterization of the novel discriminative stimulus effects of a low dose of cocaine.
Twelve rats were trained to press one lever after cocaine injection (3 mg/kg i.p.) and another lever after saline injection. Once rats were reliably discriminating cocaine from saline, other drugs were examined for their efficacies in substituting for cocaine. The dopamine uptake inhibitors WIN 35,428 [2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane-1,5-naphthalene - disulfonate] and GBR 12909 (1-[2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-[3- phenylpropyl]piperazine dihydrochloride) fully substituted for cocaine (cocaine responding > 80%), whereas the peripherally active cocaine methiodide and the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor fluoxetine did not substitute at all. Pentobarbital also failed to produce any cocaine-appropriate responding. Two selective norepinephrine uptake inhibitors were tested: tomoxetine fully substituted for the 3-mg/kg dose of cocaine and nisoxetine approached full substitution (79.7% cocaine responding). The direct-acting dopamine D-1 agonists SKF 38393 [(+-)-7-bromo-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-be nzazepin e HCl], SKF 77434 [(+-)-7,8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzazepine HCl] and SKF 75670 [3-methyl-7,8-dihydroxyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benza zep ine HBr] fully substituted for cocaine, whereas the peripherally active dopamine D-1 agonist fenoldopam did not. Of four dopamine D-2 agonists tested, only quinpirole fully substituted; the others (N-0434 [(+-)-2-(N-propyl-N-phenylethylamino)-5-hydroxytetralin], (-)-NPA [R(-)-propylnorapomorphine HCl] and SDZ 208-912 (N-[(8-)-2,6-dimethylergoline-8-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propanamide)) produced very limited partial substitution (cocaine responding < 32%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Biphasic locomotor effects of the dopamine D1 agonist SKF 38393 and their attenuation in non-habituated mice.
The locomotor stimulatory effects of the dopamine D1 receptor partial agonist SKF 38393 were examined in male C57B1/6J mice. Non-habituated mice showed marked dose-related (3-300 mg/kg, SC) locomotor stimulation. The time-course effect was biphasic at very high doses (100-300 mg/kg), with dose-related locomotor depression followed by dose-related long-term hyperlocomotion. For all doses, locomotor effects were detectable throughout the 4-h test period. To determine whether these effects were mediated by D1 receptor stimulation, effects of SKF 38393 were assessed in combination with behaviorally inactive and active doses (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively) of the selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH 39166. Both doses of SCH 39166 attenuated the hyperlocomotion induced by 30 mg/kg of the agonist to a similar degree. However, neither dose was able to reverse either the depressant or the stimulatory effects of 300 mg/kg SKF 38393. These results demonstrate effects of the prototypical D1 agonist previously unobserved, and raise questions concerning the nature of agonist/antagonist interactions at the D1 receptor subtype.
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
Effects of the selective sigma receptor ligand, 6-[6-(4-hydroxypiperidinyl)hexyloxy]-3-methylflavone (NPC 16377), on behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine.
Certain sigma receptor ligands have been shown to block locomotor stimulation produced by cocaine at doses that do not have significant behavioral activity when given alone. Using a potent and selective ligand of sigma binding sites, 6-[6-(4-hydroxypiperidinyl)hexyloxy]-3-methylflavone (NPC 16377), we further investigated the influence of sigma ligands on additional behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine in mice. A behaviorally inactive dose of NPC 16377 shifted the dose-effect function for the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine to the right by a factor of 2.5. A higher dose of NPC 16377 produced an insurmountable blockade of this stimulant effect of cocaine. Prior exposure to cocaine enhances the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine (sensitization). NPC 16377 prevented the development of cocaine sensitization without producing behavioral effects of its own. However, NPC 16377 was unable to block the expression of sensitization in mice previously exposed to cocaine. NPC 16377 also did not consistently alter the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine or methamphetamine in rats discriminating either 3 or 10 mg/kg of cocaine, or 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine from saline. The potential phencyclidine-like behavioral effects of NPC 16377 were also evaluated. Unlike the NMDA channel ligand, dizocilpine, NPC 16377 did not increase responding under a fixed-interval schedule of food presentation in rats nor did it substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of either 1.5 mg/kg of phencyclidine or 0.2 mg/kg of dizocilpine in rats discriminating these drugs from saline. NPC 16377 displayed limited but significant anticonvulsant activity against diazepam-sensitive cocaine convulsions. The lethal effects of higher doses of cocaine were neither significantly blocked nor enhanced in rats or mice with NPC 16377. These findings extend earlier observations on the cocaine-blocking effects of sigma ligands to a novel structure with exceptional selectivity for sigma sites. These data indicate that some sigma ligands may be capable of altering certain behavioral and toxic actions of cocaine without notable behavioral side effects as evidenced in preclinical tests. As such, these compounds may ultimately be useful in the treatment of cocaine abuse.
Animals↗
Midwifery and body fluid contamination.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Cross Infection↗
Differential antagonism of the effects of dopamine D1-receptor agonists on feeding behavior in the rat.
A series of experiments was conducted to examine the effects of dopamine D1 receptor agonists on food intake in rats. In the first experiment, the D1 agonist SKF 38393 (3.0-30.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently suppressed feeding during a 40 min food-access period, both in food-deprived rats and in non-deprived rats fed a highly palatable diet. Non-deprived rats were more sensitive to these effects of SKF 38393. Using the limited-access, food-deprivation procedure, a comparison was made between the anorectic effects of three D1 agonists with differing intrinsic efficacies and receptor selectivities. Rank order of potencies for reducing food intake was SKF 82958 > SKF 77434 > SKF 38393 (ED50 values: 0.7, 3.6 and 15.7 mg/kg, respectively). Dose-related, surmountable antagonism by the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg) was only obtained with SKF 82958 (0.1-10.0 mg/kg). In contrast to the other compounds, the effects of SKF 38393 were not appreciably altered by the D1 antagonist. The effects of SKF 82958 were also antagonized by the D2 receptor antagonist spiperone (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg), although not in a dose-dependent manner. The present results support a role for D1 receptors in central feeding mechanisms. They also suggest that the effects of SKF 38393 on feeding may not be mediated exclusively by the D1 receptor and, further, that SKF 38393 may not serve well in behavioral studies as a prototypical D1 agonist. The results also demonstrate the need for comparisons among several compounds in studies of D1 mediated behavioral effects.
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
Comparative behavioral pharmacology and toxicology of cocaine and its ethanol-derived metabolite, cocaine ethyl-ester (cocaethylene).
The present study compared the behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine and its ethanol derived metabolite, cocaine ethyl-ester (cocaethylene). Both drugs produced qualitatively similar psychomotor stimulant effects. Cocaine and cocaethylene increased locomotor activity in mice, with cocaine approximately four times more potent than cocaethylene. The durations of action of ED75 doses of each of the drugs were comparable. Each of the drugs also produced stimulation of operant responding in rats. In rats and squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine injections from saline, cocaine was approximately three to five times more potent than cocaethylene in producing these cocaine-like interoceptive effects. In contrast to the behavioral effects, cocaine and cocaethylene were equipotent in producing convulsions, and cocaethylene was more potent than cocaine in producing lethality. These results suggest that the conversion of cocaine to cocaethylene with simultaneous cocaine and alcohol use may produce an increased risk of toxicity due to a decrease in the potency of cocaethylene in producing psychomotor stimulant effects, and its increased potency in producing toxicity.
Animals↗
Differential effects of injection regimen on behavioral responses to cocaine.
Locomotor behavior was measured in mice receiving IP cocaine at 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg. then with 5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg at 10-min intervals. In the single-dose treatment, mice received a single dose of cocaine at a time corresponding to the equivalent cumulative dose, with saline injections at other times. The single-injection treatment was similar, but saline injections were omitted. Locomotor activity was measured across each 10-min interval. Mice were retested 6 weeks later and 1 day after that. Dose-response curves were similar for all three treatments on the first test, but diverged markedly on subsequent tests. Significant locomotor sensitization occurred at the higher doses on the second test, particularly in the treatments receiving single cocaine injections. On the third test, convulsions occurred at 40 mg/kg, but only in the singly dosed treatments. The results demonstrate that injection parameters can modify both the behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine.
Animals↗