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Biomedical subjects

P W Lockwood

Publications and source records attributed to P W Lockwood.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Clinical efficacy of flunixin, carprofen and ketoprofen as adjuncts to the antibacterial treatment of bovine respiratory disease.

Three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), flunixin, ketoprofen and carprofen, were used in conjunction with ceftiofur, in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease. Sixty-six mixed-breed beef cattle weighing on average 197 kg met the inclusion criteria of pyrexia of at least 40 degrees C, an illness score indicating at least moderate illness and at least moderate dyspnoea. They were allocated randomly to four treatment groups. All the groups received ceftiofur for three days at a dose rate of 1.1 mg/kg by intramuscular injection, and three groups received, in addition, a single dose of either flunixin (2.2 mg/kg by intravenous injection) or ketoprofen (3 mg/kg by intravenous injection) or carprofen (1.4 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection). During the first 24 hours of the study, the pyrexia of the three groups treated with a NSAID was reduced significantly more than the pyrexia of the group treated with ceftiofur alone, and two and four hours after treatment the reduction in pyrexia was significantly greater in the groups treated with flunixin and ketoprofen than in the group treated with carprofen. There were no statistically significant differences between the four groups with respect to depression, illness scores, dyspnoea or coughing. There was less lung consolidation in the three groups treated with a NSAID than in the animals treated with ceftiofur alone, but the difference was significant only in the group treated with flunixin.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of florfenicol and tilmicosin for the treatment of undifferentiated fever in feedlot calves in western Canada.

A field trial was performed under commercial feedlot conditions in western Canada to compare the efficacy of florfenicol and tilmicosin for the treatment of undifferentiated fever (UF) in calves that received metaphylactic tilmicosin upon arrival at the feedlot. One thousand and eighty recently weaned, auction market derived, crossbred beef calves suffering from UF were allocated to one of 2 experimental groups as follows: florfenicol, which was intramuscular (i.m.) florfenicol administered at the rate of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) at the time of allocation (Day 0) and again 48 h later, or tilmicosin, which was subcutaneous (s.c.) tilmicosin administered once at the rate of 10 mg/kg BW on day 0. Five hundred and forty-four animals were allocated to the florfenicol group and 536 animals were allocated to the tilmicosin group. The chronicity, wastage, overall mortality, and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) mortality rates were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the florfenicol group than in the tilmicosin group. There were no significant (P > or = 0.05) differences in first UF relapse, second UF relapse, hemophilosis mortality, or miscellaneous mortality rates between the florfenicol and tilmicosin groups. Average daily gain (ADG) from arrival at the feedlot to the time of implanting and ADG from allocation to the time of implanting were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the florfenicol group as compared with the tilmicosin group. There were no significant (P > or = 0.05) differences in arrival weight, allocation weight, implanting weight, or ADG from arrival to allocation between the experimental groups. In the economic analysis, there was an advantage of $18.83 CDN per animal in the florfenicol group. The results of this study indicate that florfenicol is superior to tilmicosin for the treatment of UF because of lower chronicity, wastage, overall mortality, and BRD mortality rates. However, interpretation of these observations must take into consideration the fact that these calves received meta-phylactic tilmicosin upon arrival at the feedlot, which is a standard, cost-effective, management procedure utilized by feedlots in western Canada.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Determination of an effective dose of eltenac and its comparison with that of flunixin meglumine in horses after experimentally induced carpitis.

OBJECTIVES: To titrate a clinically effective eltenac dosage (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight), compared with vehicle only, and to compare efficacy of the most effective eltenac dosage with that of 1.1 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg. ANIMALS: 40 healthy horses, ranked after model induction on the basis of lameness severity, were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups, with 4 replicates of 10 horses each. PROCEDURE: On day -5, after surgical preparation of the left carpal region, 0.7 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant was injected into the intercarpal space. Horses were observed daily, from the day of carpitis induction to day 0, when stride length was used as the method of ranking horses for randomization to treatment assignment. Treatments were administered i.v. once daily for 3 consecutive days, starting on day 0. Prior to carpitis induction on day -5, and at time 0 (pretreatment), 2, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 hours after treatment initiation, resting respiratory rate and pulse, rectal temperature, carpal circumference, carpal flexion angle, stride length, carpal hyperthermia, and signs of carpal pain were recorded. RESULTS: Compared with the vehicle and 0.1 mg of eltenac/kg, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg caused statistically significant improvements (ie, reduction of carpal circumference, increase in carpal flexion angle, and increase in stride length of the affected limb), but values did not differ significantly between the 2 dosages. Thus, a dose-response plateau for eltenac was reached at 0.5 mg/kg. Comparison with flunixin meglumine at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg did not indicate significant differences between the 2 treatment groups at the pivotal time of 96 hours for carpal circumference, carpal flexion angle, stride length, carpal hyperthermia, and signs of carpal pain. Adverse reactions were not observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Under conditions of this study, a dosage plateau for eltenac was determined (0.5 mg/kg) that was statistically equivalent to eltenac (1.0 mg/kg) and flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg) in a 3-day i.v. dosing regimen.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of florfenicol for the treatment of undifferentiated fever in feedlot calves in western Canada.

A study was conducted in western Canada to evaluate the efficacy of florfenicol for the treatment of undifferentiated fever (UF) in feedlot calves. One hundred and twenty-five recently weaned, auction market derived, crossbred, beef steer calves suffering from UF were allocated to 1 of 2 experimental groups as follows: florfenicol, which was intramuscular florfenicol administered at the rate of 20 mg/kg body weight at the time of allocation (day 0) and again 48 h later; or control, which was intramuscular saline administered at the same volume as florfenicol at the time of allocation and again 48 h later. Eighty-four calves were allocated to the florfenicol group and 41 calves were allocated to the control group. Outcome measures describing animal health, body weight, and rectal temperature parameters were used to determine the efficacy of florfenicol for the treatment of UF. The 1st relapse of UF, 2nd relapse of UF, overall mortality, bovine respiratory disease mortality, and haemophilosis mortality rates were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the florfenicol group than in the control group. Animals in the florfenicol group were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier at day 15 and day 45 than animals in the control group. The rectal temperature on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 of animals in the florfenicol group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in the control group. In addition, the change in rectal temperature from day 0 to day 4 was significantly (P < 0.05) different between the experimental groups. The results of this study demonstrate that florfenicol is an efficacious antimicrobial for the treatment of UF.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Efficacy of the morantel sustained release trilaminate matrix against gastrointestinal nematodes in beef calves.

The effectiveness of the morantel sustained release trilaminate (MSRT) in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes through a grazing season was evaluated using 60 yearling beef stocker calves randomly divided into 2 groups of 30 animals each. In April 1985, the calves comprising the treatment group each received an MSRT designed to release morantel tartrate continuously for 90 days while those of the control group remained unmedicated. All animals were weighed and samples of rectal feces were taken at 14-day intervals, beginning on Day 0, until trial termination (Day 168). At trial termination, 10 control and 10 treated calves were necropsied for recovery of gastrointestinal nematodes. Three sets of parasite-naïve tracer calves were utilized to evaluate the initial, interim and final levels of pasture contamination by nematode larvae. Overall, the use of the MSRT resulted in a 75.5% reduction (P less than 0.001) in output of nematode eggs from the principals, an 81.8% reduction (P less than 0.001) in numbers of gastrointestinal nematodes in principals (at trial termination), and a 96.9% reduction (P less than 0.05) of pasture larval nematode contamination (as indirectly indicated by parasite burdens in tracer calves). The mean weight advantage of treated calves was 16.6 kg per head (P less than 0.001).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Morantel sustained release bolus: a new approach for the control of trichostrongylosis in Austrian cattle.

The efficacy of a morantel sustained release bolus to control gastrointestinal parasitism during two consecutive grazing seasons was assessed in replacement dairy heifers raised under field conditions in Austria. Thirty calves were randomly allotted into two equal groups and maintained throughout the 1979 summer pasturing season on adjacent pastures of equal size with identical grazing history. Twenty-four of the thirty calves used in 1979 were monitored throughout 1980, each animal remained in the same treatment group as the previous year and grazed the same pastures as the previous year. In both 1979 and 1980 the bolus was administered to each animal in the treated group one week before turnout onto spring pastures, while the control animals received no anthelmintic treatment during either year. The efficacy of the bolus was assessed by comparison of faecal worm egg counts, herbage larval counts, worm counts from tracer and principal trial animals, weight gains and by the incidence of clinical disease found in both tracer and trial animals throughout the grazing season. Milk production was also monitored for all animals in both treatment groups during the first lactation. The system of treatment used in the present study with the morantel sustained release bolus was highly effective in preventing a significant buildup of infective larvae on pasture to the end of the grazing season in both years. In 1979 worm counts of tracer calves grazed on the treated pastures in mid-August were similar to those recorded at the beginning of the season, while worm counts in the control tracers were five times the total found at the beginning of the season. In 1979 the bolus-treated calves outperformed the control group by 34.8 kg (P less than 0.001) over the 168-day grazing period. These results demonstrated that administration of the bolus to calves at the time of turnout onto spring pastures was most effective both in controlling parasites within the cattle themselves and in reducing the level of parasite contamination. During the second grazing season (1980) no beneficial effect in weight gain was observed due to the second bolus treatment. Weight gains realized during the first year, however, largely remained through the second year and the bolus-treated heifers reached breeding weight on average 19 days earlier. No difference in milk yield was observed between the treated and control animals during thier first year of lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The use of the morantel sustained release bolus under special farm practices (deprime system) in France.

The efficacy of the morantel sustained release bolus in controlling gastrointestinal and lungworm parasites when used in first-season grazing animals which followed older animals onto spring pasture (deprime system) was assessed in three trials conducted in Normandy, France. In each trial first-season grazing calves were equally allocated onto two separate but equivalent paddocks where they remained throughout the grazing season. A morantel sustained release bolus was administered to one group of animals at turnout, the other group remained as controls. The effect of the treatment on contamination of pasture (herbage larval counts and tracer worm counts), on faecal worm egg and lungworm larval counts, and on weight gain performance of the principal animals was assessed. In all three trials, worm egg output in the bolus-treated animals was substantially lower throughout the season compared with the control animals. Worm burdens of tracer calves grazing pastures of the treated cattle were also reduced compared with tracer calves grazing control pastures. Clinical parasitic gastroenteritis occurred in the control animals but not in the bolus-treated animals in one trial. Overall the bolus-treated animals outperformed the controls by a mean weight gain advantage of 10.5 kg (P less than 0.01).

Animal Husbandry↗