Biomedical subjects

P Y Hester

Publications and source records attributed to P Y Hester.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2002

Utilisation of a sperm quality analyser to evaluate sperm quantity and quality of turkey breeders.

1. A relatively new instrument known as a Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA) offers a rapid assessment of sperm quality and quantity by providing a sperm quality index (SQI). The SQA measures a combination of the intensity of sperm activity and motile concentration by determining the number and amplitude of sperm movements per second in a capillary tube as detected through light beam interference. 2. Because the SQA has not been tested for its potential use in turkeys, the objective was to determine if the SQA could accurately respond to changes in turkey sperm concentration, viability, and motility in semen collected from turkey breeders. 3. The effect of varying concentrations of sperm on SQI values was evaluated by diluting replicate pools of semen from 4 different aged turkey breeder flocks with saline. Results from all 4 flocks showed that semen dilutions greater than 20-fold resulted in a linear decline in SQI values. 4. Additional in vitro analysis evaluated the effects of turkey sperm viability on the SQI under conditions of constant sperm concentration. Incubated, live sperm was mixed in various proportions with thawed, dead sperm to determine changes in viability. Increased proportions of dead sperm caused a decline in the SQI. 5. To assess sperm motility, turkey semen was incubated under either aerobic (motile) or anaerobic (immotile) conditions. Varied amounts of immotile and motile sperm samples were mixed. A linear increase in the SQI was observed as per cent motile sperm increased. 6. These results indicate that the SQA can respond to differences in turkey sperm concentration, viability, and motility using in vitro analyses.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Use of a sperm quality analyser on semen of turkey breeders to monitor storage time effects and age-related changes during a reproductive cycle.

1. A relatively new instrument known as a Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA) offers a rapid assessment of sperm quality and quantity by providing a sperm quality index (SQI). The SQA measures the intensity of sperm activity and motile concentration by determining the number and amplitude of sperm movements per second in a capillary tube as detected through light beam interference. 2. The objectives of the current study were to determine if the SQA could accurately reflect changes in semen quality that occur with prolonged storage of semen and to determine the variation and change in SQI values among individual breeding male turkeys during their semen production cycle. 3. The effect of storage time on SQI values was evaluated by diluting semen with extender and placing the semen on an oscillating shaker at 4 degrees C for 8 h. The SQI values and sperm viability, expressed as % dead sperm, were recorded hourly. The SQI readings declined linearly with increased storage time while % dead sperm increased linearly with increased semen storage. 4. Semen from 220 individual males was analysed monthly for 9 months. Semen diluted 50-fold with saline had lower SQI values during pre- and post-peak phases of production (months 1, 7, 8, and 9 as compared with months 2 to 6 of semen production). The highest SQI values occurred during months 2 to 6. The largest variation in SQI values occurred during months 1 (CV = 26%) and 9 (CV = 31%) with a CV that averaged 16% for the remaining months. 5. Correlation analysis of SQI values for each bird averaged over 9 months with individual male SQIs for each month showed monthly correlation coefficients that ranged from 0.22 to 0.63. 6. These results indicate that the SQA accurately assessed the decline in sperm quality that occurs with prolonged storage of turkey semen and reflected age-related changes in semen quality and quantity that occurred during a semen production cycle of turkey breeders. In addition, the semen quality rank of some turkey breeders in a population changed with age.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

The effect of dietary ascorbic acid on semen traits and testis histology of male turkey breeders.

A 9-mo field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary L-ascorbic acid (AA) on semen traits of 144 male turkey breeders. Dietary AA treatments were initiated when birds were 30 wk of age. Semen and blood collection began at 32 wk of age. Three treatments with four pens per treatment and 12 birds per pen were fed 0, 75, and 150 mg/kg AA during the first 4 mo of their reproductive cycle. Levels of AA were doubled in the supplemented diets to 150 and 300 mg/kg during Months 5 to 9. Semen traits and blood AA were unaffected by dietary AA. When birds were 65 wk of age, testes were removed from 12 birds per treatment for histological analysis. Multinucleated giant cells (MCG), indicative of degeneration, were observed in the testes of 7 of the 12 control birds but were absent from AA-supplemented birds (P < 0.02). The antioxidant properties of AA may delay formation of these degenerative cells. In conclusion, dietary AA levels employed in the current study did not affect semen traits or testis weight but were associated with reduced formation of MGC in the testes of 65 wk-old breeder toms.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Systemic distribution of Staphylococcus aureus following intradermal footpad challenge of broilers.

We conducted an experiment with broilers to determine if prior exposure to Staphylococcus aureus would facilitate the systemic infiltration of this pathogen following intradermal footpad challenge with live S. aureus. Litter-raised broilers were sensitized at 3 and 4 wk of age with s.c. injections in the neck with heat-killed S. aureus diluted in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Equal numbers of control birds were injected at the same times with PEG. At 7 wk of age, chicks previously sensitized to killed S. aureus or injected with PEG were injected intradermally in the right footpad with PBS or live S. aureus. The left footpads of all birds were injected with PBS. The difference in thickness between the right and left footpads was determined at 0, 24, and 48 h postchallenge. Blood, liver, spleen, lung, and synovial fluid were collected six times between 1 and 48 h postchallenge to determine the recovery of S. aureus. Sensitized and non-sensitized birds showed footpad swelling following challenge with live S. aureus in the right footpad (P < 0.001). Injection of PBS did not induce footpad swelling. Birds injected in the footpads with live S. aureus as compared to PBS had significantly higher isolation rates of S. aureus in the spleen, liver, and blood; however, recovery of S. aureus from S. aureus-sensitized and PEG-injected birds was not significantly different. Time postchallenge (1, 3, 7, 11, 24, and 48 h) had no significant effect on the recovery of S. aureus. It was concluded that the intradermal challenge of the footpad with S. aureus resulted in systemic infiltration of S. aureus into the spleen, liver, and blood. Prior exposures to killed S. aureus as compared to PEG controls did not affect the systemic distribution of S.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Ascorbic acid supplementation improved antibody response to infectious bursal disease vaccination in chickens.

The purpose of the present study was to determine if supplementation of ascorbic acid (AA) to the diet would have a beneficial effect on infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccination of chickens for protection against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection. Two hundred forty specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were divided into eight experimental groups. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design was used; AA supplementation at 1,000 ppm in the diet, vaccination, and challenge were the main effects. Prior to challenge and 10 d after challenge, serum AA concentration, serum corticosterone concentration, ELISA antibody titer to IBDV, body weight, bursa-to-body weight (B:B) ratio, and bursal histological score (BHS) were determined. Nonvaccinated chickens fed a diet supplemented with AA did not exhibit clinical signs or mortality following challenge, whereas AA-unsupplemented counterparts had 100% cumulative morbidity and 30% cumulative mortality. Serum AA levels of AA-supplemented and vaccinated chickens were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than AA-unsupplemented and vaccinated chickens. Fourteen days following vaccination, significantly (P < 0.05) higher ELISA titers to IBDV were observed in vaccinated chickens supplemented with AA as compared to AA-unsupplemented counterparts. Ascorbic acid-supplemented chickens, especially those also vaccinated, had higher body weight gains as compared to the AA-unsupplemented chickens. Ascorbic acid-supplemented chickens challenged with IBDV did not show any clinical signs or mortality. The results suggest that supplementation of AA at 1,000 ppm in the diet has beneficial effects on antibody response to IBD vaccination and body weight gain.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced in broilers by killed Staphylococcus aureus.

A trial was conducted to determine whether the delayed footpad reaction (DFR) induced by killed Staphylococcus aureus in chickens is a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Five criteria were used to assess DTH: 1) DFR with a peak response at 24 to 48 h postchallenge, 2) inhibition of monocyte/macrophage migration, 3) lymphocyte blastogenic response, 4) mononuclear cell infiltration at the challenge site, and 5) passive transfer of DFR by splenic lymphocytes. Broilers were sensitized twice with a s.c. injection in the neck of S. aureus antigen (150 microg/bird) diluted in polyethylene glycol at 3 and 4 wk of age. Controls were s.c. injected with polyethylene glycol. At 6 wk of age, a migration inhibition test was conducted before the birds were challenged intradermally with S. aureus antigen (75 microg/bird) in PBS in the right footpad. The left footpad was injected with PBS. The thickness of the footpad was measured at 0, 4, 24, and 48 h postchallenge to evaluate the DFR. After challenge, blood was collected for the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay. Birds were euthanatized, and both footpads were removed for histology. The spleens were collected aseptically; splenic lymphocytes were injected i.v. into recipient birds. Sensitized birds showed an increase in the DFR (P < 0.02) and blastogenic response (P < 0.01) compared with nonsensitized birds. Delayed footpad reaction reached a maximum response at 24 h postchallenge. The in vitro migration of monocytes/macrophages from sensitized birds was significantly inhibited (P < 0.01). The histological appearance of S. aureus-injected footpads was characterized by dermal edema and perivascular infiltrates of small lymphocytes and macrophages. Birds that received sensitized splenic lymphocytes had a significantly pronounced DFR following challenge with S. aureus when compared with birds that received nonsensitized lymphocytes (P < 0.0001). These results indicated that the DFR can be used as a standard in vivo test for cell-mediated DTH reaction induced by killed S. aureus antigen in chickens.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced in broilers via trachea inoculation of killed Staphylococcus aureus.

A study was conducted to determine whether the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to killed Staphylococcus aureus antigen in chickens could be induced through multiple intratracheal inoculations. Three criteria were used to assess DTH: 1) delayed footpad reaction (DFR) with a peak response at 24 to 48 h postchallenge, 2) inhibition of monocyte/macrophage migration, and 3) mononuclear cell infiltration at the challenge site. Broilers were sensitized three times with a s.c. injection in the neck or intratracheal inoculation of killed S. aureus in polyethylene glycol at 2, 3, and 4 wk of age. Controls were given polyethylene glycol with a s.c. injection in the neck or intratracheal inoculation. Migration inhibition tests were conducted at 6 wk of age. At 7 wk of age, all birds were challenged intradermally with S. aureus antigen in PBS in the right footpad. The left footpad was injected with PBS. The thickness of the footpad was measured at 0, 4, 24, and 48 h postchallenge to evaluate the DFR. Birds were euthanatized, and both footpads were removed for histopathological examination. Subcutaneously or intratracheally sensitized birds showed significant DFR compared with nonsensitized birds (P < 0.0001), which reached maximum response at 24 h postchallenge. The s.c. sensitization resulted in an inhibition of the in vitro migration of monocytes/macrophages (P < 0.0001), whereas intratracheally sensitized birds did not show migration inhibition of monocytes/macrophages. Histological examination showed typical perivascular infiltration of small lymphocytes in S. aureus-injected footpads from s.c. and intratracheally sensitized birds. These results indicate that multiple intratracheal inoculation, as well as s.c. injection of killed S. aureus antigen, can be used to induce a cell-mediated DTH reaction in chickens.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Induction of the delayed footpad and wattle reaction to killed Staphylococcus aureus in chickens.

Two experiments were conducted to induce the delayed footpad reaction (DFR) to killed Staphylococcus aureus antigen. In Experiment 1, tracheal, cloacal, and choanal swabs were collected from chickens prior to sensitization with S. aureus to determine the carrier status of S. aureus. The second experiment compared the DFR to the delayed wattle reaction (DWR). Chickens were subjected to single or multiple sensitizations in the neck with S. aureus antigen between 4 and 6 wk of age. One week later, birds were challenged with S. aureus either in the right footpad or wattle. The left footpad or wattle was injected with PBS. The thicknesses of the footpad or the wattle were measured up to 96 h postchallenge. The recoveries of S. aureus from the choanal slit and trachea were significantly higher than that of the cloaca (P < 0.001). Birds of Experiment 1 showed a significant DFR (P < 0.0001) following intradermal challenge with killed S. aureus that was sustained through 48 h postchallenge with no difference in the DFR between carrier and noncarrier birds. In Experiment 2, the thicknesses of the footpad and wattle were significantly increased following challenge with S. aureus (P < 0.0001), with the footpad showing a greater response than the wattle (P < 0.001). Three sensitizing dosages, as compared to two dosages, resulted in a less pronounced DFR and DWR (P < 0.02). These results indicate that the DFR can be used as a delayed reaction model in the study of staphylococcosis in poultry.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Calcium utilization by quail embryos during activities preceding space flight and during embryogenesis in microgravity aboard the orbital space station MIR.

A series of studies were conducted to determine the effect of activities preceding spaceflight and during space-flight on calcium utilization during quail embryonic development. In the pre-space trials, fertile quail eggs were subjected to pre-flight dynamics including forces of centrifugation, vibration, or a combination of vibration and centrifugation prior to incubation for 6 or 16 days. Quail eggs were also tested for survivability in a refrigerator stowage kit for eggs (RSKE) which was subsequently used to transport the eggs to space. Eggs in the RSKE were subjected to shuttle launch dynamics including G force and random vibration profiles. The space-flight trial involved 48 quail eggs launched on space shuttle Flight STS-76 which were subsequently incubated in a Slovakian incubator onboard space station, MIR. Two ground control trials, each with 48 eggs with and without exposure to shuttle launch dynamics were initiated 5 days post-launch. Eggshells from all study trials were retrieved and analyzed for calcium content. Results showed that neither pre-flight activities nor shuttle launch dynamics had an effect on calcium utilization by developing embryos. However, calcium utilization by developing embryos incubated in microgravity was impaired by 12.6% when compared to embryos incubated on earth under laboratory control environment. This impairment was believed to be due to unidentified factors of the microgravity environment.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Relationship between long bone distortion and tibial dyschondroplasia in male turkeys.

To determine whether a relationship exists between long bone distortion and tibial dyschondroplasia (TD), the hock joints of Large White commercial male turkeys were examined using low intensity x-ray imaging (hand-held lixiscope). All lame birds with long bone distortion and 96 control birds without lameness were examined at 8.3 and 12.3 wk of age for TD lesions using a lixiscope. Results indicated that the incidence of TD was less than 2% at 8.3 wk of age. The incidence increased to 21% by 12.3 wk of age. The TD lesions at 12 wk of age were considered mild covering only one-fourth of the growth plate. Chi-square analysis indicated that control turkeys without long bone distortion were just as likely to have TD lesions as were lame turkeys with long bone distortion. Under the conditions of the present experiment, TD did not appear to be a significant skeletal problem in Large White commercial male turkeys prior to 12.3 wk of age. Only 5 out of 37 (14%) toms with long bone distortion at 12.3 wk of age had TD lesions, suggesting that the valgus-varus deformity may be independent of TD.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

The applicability of particleboard residue as a litter material for male turkeys.

Particleboard residue is a by-product of the secondary wood products manufacturing industries. Large quantities of this product are landfilled for lack of better use. The objective of the current study was to investigate the possibility of using particleboard residue as a litter source for male turkeys. Two sizes of particleboard residue, fine and coarse, were compared to hardwood shavings. Compared to hardwood shavings, fine and coarse particleboard was a drier, cleaner product initially, as indicated by lower moisture content as well as bacteria and mold counts at Day 0. Turkeys reared for 123 d on fine particleboard had several advantages over those reared on either the coarse particleboard or hardwood shavings, which included significantly lowered incidences of breast buttons and leg abnormalities. Perhaps due to the jagged edges and coarser texture, coarse particleboard increased the incidence of foot pad dermatitis when compared to the other two litter sources. Turkeys reared on fine particle-board had a 0.16 kg reduction (P < 0.01) in live market body weights compared to the toms reared on hardwood shavings, but this was offset by a 0.22 kg gain in muscle deposition (P < 0.05). Mortality, breast weights and yields, and feed efficiency were unaffected by litter source. Based on the variables studied, it was concluded that fine particleboard residue could be used as an alternative bedding material for male turkeys.

Aging↗

PubMed1996

Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: hematology and adrenal function.

A selected line of White Leghorns that has shown improved survivability and productivity and reduced feather loss in multiple-hen cages was evaluated for hematological and adrenal responses under both stressed and unstressed conditions. It was hypothesized that hens selected for adaptation to multiple-bird cages would react less intensely to stressors. Three lines of chickens (selected, control, and commercial) were housed in either single-hen (1 hen) or multiple-hen cages (12 hens, social competition) at 16.7 or 17.1 wk of age. They were subsequently subjected to cold exposure at 33 wk of age and heat exposure at 44 wk of age. Genetic stock as a main effect, and the interaction of genetic stock with either a cold or heated environment or with cage size, had no effect on plasma levels of cholesterol and corticosterone. At the time of transfer to laying cages, the selected line of pullets, as indicated by a decrease in packed cell volume, appeared to adapt more quickly to the new waterer system of multiple-hen cages than did the control and commercial lines. At 33 wk of age, the control and commercial lines in multiple-hen cages experienced heterophilia and increased heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, whereas the selected line did not, when compared with these same lines in single-hen cages. This leucocytic response could be interpreted to mean that the selected line of chickens adapted better to social competition than either the control or commercial lines; however, a similar leucocytic response was not observed at 18 or 44 wk of age. In conclusion, the physiological characterization of the selected line of Leghorns showed evidence of improved adaptation to multiple-hen cages when compared to the other stocks. In some cases, the selected line responded less intensely to stress; however, trends were not always consistent.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1996

Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: production traits during heat and cold exposures.

A selected line of White Leghorns that has shown improved survivability and productivity and reduced feather loss in multiple-hen cages was evaluated for production traits under both stressed and unstressed conditions. It was hypothesized that hens selected for adaptation to multiple-bird cages would react less intensely to stressors and therefore lay more eggs and have lower mortality under stressed conditions. Three lines of chickens (selected, control, and commercial) were housed in either single-hen (1 hen) or multiple-hen cages (12 hens, social competition) at 16.7 or 17.1 wk of age. They were subsequently subjected to cold exposure at 33 wk of age and heat exposure at 44 wk of age. The selected line of chickens in multiple-hen cages showed an increased resistance to heat exposure, as indicated by lower mortality, when compared to the control and commercial lines housed in multiple-hen cages. Egg production 8 d prior to, during, and 8 d following either cold or heat exposures indicated that the selected line of chickens withstood social, handling, and environmental stressors better than the control line and, in some cases, the commercial line of chickens. It was concluded that the selected line of Leghorns showed evidence of stress resistance through lowered mortality and improved production.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1996

Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: humoral immune response.

A selected line of White Leghorns, which has shown improved survivability and reduced feather loss in large multiple-hen cages, was evaluated for humoral immune response to SRBC under both stressed and unstressed conditions. Three lines of chickens (selected, control, and commercial) were housed in either single- (1 hen) or multiple-hen cages (12 hens, social competition) and subjected to a cold ambient temperature (0 C) at 33 wk of age and to two heating episodes (38 C) at 44 wk of age. Each hen was challenged intravenously with 1 mL of a 7% saline suspension of SRBC at the time that cold exposure was initiated. Hens subjected to high ambient temperatures had been exposed previously to a cold temperature, but were not challenged with SRBC until 16 to 18 h following the end of the second heating episode. Exposure to cold caused immunosuppression in single-caged hens, but not in hens in colony cages. Single- vs colony-caged hens of the control environment challenged with SRBC at 33 wk of age had similar primary hemagglutinin responses to SRBC. Hens subjected to heat experienced immunosuppression at 9 and 12 d following challenge to SRBC when compared to the controls. Hens of multiple-bird cages challenged with antigen at 44 wk of age had a significantly lower hemagglutinin response to SRBC than those reared in single-bird cages. The three lines of genetic stock had similar primary hemagglutinin responses to SRBC; the interactions of genetic stock with cage size or environmental temperature were not significant. It was concluded that genetically selecting hens for survival in multiple-hen cages did not affect their humoral immune response to SRBC.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1994

The role of environment and management on leg abnormalities in meat-type fowl.

Continuous light with 1 h of darkness at midnight is a common photoperiod for raising meat-type fowl. The logic behind the 1 h of darkness, usually provided between midnight and 0100 h, is to acclimate the birds to darkness in the event of a power failure. Increasing evidence from several research laboratories indicates that lighting regimens other than continuous light, such as intermittent or step-up lighting, can lower the incidence of leg abnormalities in meat-type fowl. Some evidence suggests that increased exercise contributes in part to the reduction in lameness due to lighting. Management can influence the incidence of leg and foot problems via effects on rate of gain, flooring systems, and litter moisture. Rapid weight gains have been correlated with tibial dyschondroplasia (TD), although more evidence is needed to determine whether other types of leg deformities, such as long bone distortion, are related to rapid growth rates. Using low intensity X-ray imaging (hand-held lixiscope), live breeders with TD lesions can be identified and the incidence of TD can be reduced in breeder flocks through genetic selection. In addition, turkeys can be selected for wider shanks to improve walking ability. Slippery surfaces should be avoided to prevent spraddled legs. With the exception of TD, broilers reared in cages have more leg deformities than floor-reared birds. Dry litter conditions can help prevent foot pad dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effects of microgravity on vestibular ontogeny: direct physiological and anatomical measurements following space flight (STS-29).

Does space flight change gravity receptor development? The present study measured vestibular form and function in birds flown as embryos for 5 days in earth orbit (STS-29). No major changes in vestibular gross morphology were found. Vestibular response mean amplitudes and latencies were unaffected by space flight. However, the results of measuring vestibular thresholds were mixed and abnormal responses in 3 of the 8 flight animals raise important questions.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1993

Response of layer breeders to dietary acetylsalicylic acid. 2. Effects on circulating concentrations of prostaglandin F2 alpha.

White Leghorn breeder hens were fed 0, .05, or .40% acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for either 1 wk or 1 mo. Blood samples were collected 4 h postentrance of an egg into the uterus (baseline) and at oviposition of a hardshelled (HS) egg. Plasma samples were analyzed for prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha by radioimmunoassay. Peripheral PGF2 alpha concentrations peaked upon oviposition of a HS egg in both ASA-fed hens as well as the controls (0% ASA). The levels of dietary ASA and the duration of time the ASA was administered did not affect baseline or peak PGF2 alpha concentrations. It was concluded that either the timing or route of administration of ASA resulted in the failure of ASA to effectively reduce peak peripheral PGF2 alpha concentrations.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Response of layer breeders to dietary acetylsalicylic acid. 3. Effects on fertility and hatchability of embryos exposed to control and elevated incubation temperatures.

Because acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) is a common antipyretic drug, there has been considerable research on the effects of ASA on mammalian embryonic development. However, very limited research has been conducted on the effects of ASA on avian development and hatchability. The present study investigated the effect of dietary ASA on fertility and hatchability and whether embryos of breeder hens fed ASA, as compared with embryos of hens fed a control diet, would survive elevated temperatures during incubation. White Leghorn layer breeders were fed 0, .025, .050, .100, .200, and .400% ASA for the first 13 mo of egg production. When averaged over 13 mo, hens fed .40% dietary ASA demonstrated a decline in fertility (P < .03), hatchability of fertile eggs (P < .04), and hatchability of eggs set (P < .02). Chicks from hens fed .10% ASA weighed more than chicks from hens receiving 0, .025, .20, or .40% ASA (P < .01). When embryos were incubated at elevated temperatures of 42.8 or 43.3 C for 5.5 to 12 h on Day 16 of incubation, hatchability declined. Also, ASA fed to layer breeders did not improve hatchability of embryos exposed to elevated incubation temperatures when compared with embryos exposed to a control incubation temperature (37.2 C). During Month 9 of production, chicks from hens fed .05 and .10% ASA and exposed to an elevated temperature of 42.8 C for 9 h on Day 16 of incubation weighed more than similarly heat-stressed chicks of hens fed 0, .20, or .40% ASA (temperature by diet interaction, P < .03).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗