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Biomedical subjects

P de Crousaz

Publications and source records attributed to P de Crousaz.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Urinary excretion of fluorides in schoolchildren of Lausanne and Geneva in relation to salt fluoridation].

Urinary excretion of fluoride and sodium and urinary flow were studied in 230 schoolchildren (average age: 11.1 years) in the following situation: in 1984 and 1988 in Geneva, 1 year and 5 years after the introduction of fluoridated domestic salt (250 mg/kg), and in 1985 in Lausanne, 15 years after the general introduction of salt fluoridation for this city and its surrounding canton (Vaud). Among consumers of fluoridated salt, the average excretion of F ion during morning and afternoon was 15.4 and 43.7 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Geneva (1988) and 26.4 and 49.9 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Lausanne (1985). Among non-consumers of fluoridated domestic salt, excretion values during morning and afternoon were 9.9 and 20.7 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Geneva (1988), and 18.4 and 26.1 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Lausanne. Between 1984 and 1988, an increase in fluoride excretion was observed in schoolchildren of Geneva. During approximately 10 night hours, 8.8 to 16.4 micrograms F/h were excreted in Geneva, but F-salt consumers in Lausanne excreted 25.8 micrograms F/h. Averages of sodium excretion varied between 80 and 144 mg Na/h at daytime and between and 81 mg Na/h at night.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Preventive dentistry, particularly in schools].

Dental caries may easily be prevented. Based on experiences extending over 20 years, several preventive programs for schoolchildren can be offered and the one best suited for the local circumstances may be selected. Two types of dental auxiliaries have proved very useful to realize preventive programs on the level of communities and/or cantons, requiring costs of only Fr. 3.--to 7.-- per year and child. Considering the excellent results already available, it should be possible to obtain cooperation even of those communities who have not yet introduced preventive programs. If salt fluoridation could also be generalized, caries levels could be reduced to a fraction of their initial values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Plak-out and Broxojet 3007. Clinical study].

It is known that chlorhexidine, a plaque preventing agent, can cause discolorations and other side effects when used in mouthwashes at the concentration of 0.1% or more. By diluting the amount of chlorhexidine used in a mouthwash in the much greater volume of water used in a pulsating device, one could try to avoid these side-effects and, possible keep the antiplaque properties of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, it was interesting to check whether plaque, which is normally not removed by the mechanical action of a pulsating device, could be removed when the water of the device contains chlorhexidine. In the first part of the study, the effectiveness of chlorhexidine given by mouthwash (10 ml at 0.1%) has been compared to that of the same amount of chlorhexidine diluted in 400 ml of water of a pulsating device (conc. 0.0025%). The average gingival index of inflammation and plaque index, as well as the amount of gingival fluid have been measured, by previously standardized procedures, in a group of 18 students with healthy gingivae before and after a 7-days period of no-brushing. One third of the students used chlorhexidine solution in daily mouthwashes, one third used chlorhexidine in the Broxojet and the last 6 students used Broxojet with a placebo. The part of the study concerning the Broxojet was carried out in double blind. At the concentration of 0.1% in mouthwashes, chlorhexidine was found, as expected, to inhibit plaque formation. The same amount of drug diluted in the liquid of a pulsating device was, on the contrary, much less effective. Staining was noticed in most of the volunteers. The second part of the study was similarly designed and performed in the aim of checking whether higher amounts of chlorhexidine were effective in preventing plaque when used in the Broxojet: in the pulsating device, chlorhexidine was found to be effective only at the concentrations of 0.025%.

Biguanides↗
PubMed1977

[Total frequency of dental caries in the Canton of Vaud after the transition from fluoride tablets to fluoridation of table salt].

This report shows results of a survey on dental caries in the canton of Vaud in the years 1970 and 1974. In this canton fluoridation was carried out by means of fluoride tablets distributed at school until 1969/70 and in subsequent years by adding 250 mg F/kg fluoride to domestic salt. For comparison, results from adjoining and other cantons are also presented. In 1970 the 3 communities in the canton of Vaud (Moudon, Grandson and Vevey) showed a remarkably low overall caries level due to the distribution of fluoride tablets, supplemented in Grandson with regular brushings with fluoride solutions. When the fluoride tablets were discontinued in 1968/70 and fluoridated domestic salt containing 250 mg F/kg NaCl was introduced, caries incidence reached an even lower level. In these 3 communities caries prevalence fell to the lowest level reached, so far, by means preventive measures in Bettlach (canton of Solothurn, toothbrushing with fluoride solutions 6 times per year combined with information, fluoride tablets on every school day, and in addition consumption of table salt fluoridated at a suboptimal level of 90 ppm). The children in the control communities Romont (canton of Fribourg), St-Aubin (canton of Neuchâtel) and Châtel-St-Denis (canton of Fribourg) also showed decreases of caries levels from 1970 to 1974. This decrease is attributed to the distribution of fluoride tablets started at the schools of this community in the late sixties. Caries incidence in the age spans 8 to 12 and 10 to 14 years was estimated. Children from the canton of Vaud where fluoridated table salt was practically the only preventive measure showed a smaller DMF increase than those from the cantons of Fribourg and Neuchâtel. By means of a method combining DMF means of various age groups it was possible to obtain sufficiently large numbers of children for a study of the caries prevalence in each community. All communities showed a decrease of caries levels. In the canton of Vaud this reduction started in 1970 at an already low level and in 1974 reached consistently lower values than those of the control communities of the cantons of Fribourg and Neuchâtel.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

[Physiology of the gingivo-dental sulcus].

The gingival sulcus is formed by the space between the sulcular epithelium, the junctional epithelium, and the wall of the tooth. The functioning of its different parts is important in the early changes taking place when marginal plaque is accumulating. The cellular turnover of the junctional epithelium is very high, which could explain its high healing potential. The intercellular spaces are wider in the junctional epithelium, when compared to those of the sulcular or oral epithelia. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes can migrate through these spaces, attracted toward the sulcus by chemotactic substances. Numerous substances have been shown to permeate the junctional epithelium, both toward the sulcus and from the sulcus within the connective tissue. The sulcus is normally sterile and will tend to eliminate any foreign particle. Leucocytes and desquamated epithelial cells will also tend to leave the gingival sulcus and will be found in saliva. Various instruments, such as paper or celluloid strips of platinum loops, can be used to collect the content of the gingival sulcus. Quantitative investigations can be performed by analyzing crevicular fluid or the products of washings of the marginal gingiva.

Epithelial Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Periodontal disease and prevention in children and adolescents].

Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that: 1. Bacterial plaque which accumulates around the teeth is responsible for chronic periodontal inflammation. From adolescence on, this inflammation is almost universal. 2. Gingivitis prepares the periodontitis, which is characterized by a migration of the epithelial attachment, pocket formation and progressive bone loss. 3. Calculus is formed by plaque calcification. Its rough surface allows bacterial retention and proliferation in contact with the epithelial covering. 4. The mechanisms of host resistance to parasitic plaque are mostly unknown. This resistance is variable and seems to decrease with age. 5. Periodontal disease in children and adolescents is a real problem in preventive medicine, because of its immediate or remote consequences on tooth loss. Thanks to fluoride, the prevention of dental caries is quite effective; the prevention of periodontal disease is on the contrary much more difficult. Mechanical removal of plaque is tedious and must be done again and again; however, it is not logical to separate prevention of caries from that of periodontal disease. Information of the public at large on oral health is of utmost importance, as well as a good cooperation of the teachers in preventive programs for schoolchildren. Every health department or service should try to apply the following measures: -Permanent employments for "school dental nurses" should be created, on a part-time or full-time basis. They should take care of the organisation and supervision of oral health programs. -In each school dental service, a dentist should be responsible for teaching the theoretical and practical aspects of periodontal prevention. -Caries reduction obtained by fluorides is no excuse to reduce the "treatment staff". This staff should be devoted to prevention at large and to refreshing courses. In a young population with regular supervision, prevention of periodontal disease can meet with considerable success. Initial periodontal disease is reversible: it is possible to avoid the degradation of gingivitis in progressive periodontitis, and this helps maintaining dental and periodontal health throughout life.

Adolescent↗