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Biomedical subjects

Pamela D Hill

Publications and source records attributed to Pamela D Hill.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Mood states and milk output in lactating mothers of preterm and term infants.

The purpose of this study is to compare psychological distress via both negative and positive mood states between 2 different groups of lactating mothers during the first 6 weeks postpartum with a large sample. Mood states were measured using the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised by a convenience sample of newly delivered mothers from 4 tertiary care units in Illinois. Preterm mothers' negative mood states of anxiety, depression, hostility, and dysphoria were significantly greater than those reported for term mothers. For the positive mood states of positive affect and PASS (positive affect + sensation seeking), preterm mothers had significantly lower scores than term mothers; there were no differences for the positive mood state, Sensation Seeking. Maternal perceived mood states had no apparent effect upon lactation as measured by milk volume produced. Further study is warranted to determine what factors influence milk output in mothers of preterm and term infants who are at risk for lactation failure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Psychological distress and milk volume in lactating mothers.

The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to compare psychological distress as measured via self-reported perceived stress, sleep, and fatigue levels in lactating mothers of a term infant and mothers of a preterm infant and(b) to determine whether the addition of psychological distress to a previous model predicts milk volume at Postpartum Week 6 by gestation group. The convenience sample of 95 mothers of a preterm infant (31 weeks) and 98 mothers of a term infant completed the Perceived Stress Visual Analogue Scale, Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, and the Fatigue Visual Analog Scale. Stress, sleep difficulty, and fatigue levels decreased during the 6-week study period for mothers of a term but not for mothers of a preterm infant. Perceived stress, sleep difficulty, and fatigue during the first 6 weeks postpartum were not related to milk volume; thus, the mother's perceived psychological distress had no apparent effect on lactation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of milk output between mothers of preterm and term infants: the first 6 weeks after birth.

This study reports the temporal pattern of milk output in 2 groups of lactating mothers during the first 6 weeks postpartum. A study aim was to examine if the average milk output for postpartum days 6 and 7 (baseline) predicts milk adequacy at week 6 postpartum. Mothers of preterm (< or = 31 weeks) infants (n = 95) used mechanical expression to initiate and maintain their milk supply; mothers of a singleton healthy term infant (n = 98) fed their infant at the breast. Baseline milk output was predictive of milk adequacy, defined as > or = 500 mL/d at week 6 (P = .000). Preterm mothers were 2.81 times more at risk of not producing adequately than term mothers were. Study findings suggest that interventions that promote the initiation and maintenance of an adequate milk supply during the first week postbirth are critical.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Primary and secondary mediators' influence on milk output in lactating mothers of preterm and term infants.

This study examined potential primary mediators, such as intended length to breastfeed, maternal education, income, and infant gestation, and secondary mediators, such as early frequency of breast stimulation, early milk output, and supplementation with artificial milks that may influence milk output in mothers of preterm and term infants the first 6 weeks postpartum. Analysis suggested that for mothers of a preterm infant (n = 95), the primary mediators, income and infant gestation, and the secondary mediators, early milk output/d and early frequency/d, accounted for 53.5% of the variance in milk output/d at week 6. For mothers of a term infant (n = 98), the primary mediator, income, and secondary mediators, early milk output/d and supplementation, accounted for 48.4% of the variance in milk output/d at week 6. Further research is needed to determine what early interventions may improve milk output in mothers at risk for lactation failure.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Neuroendocrine responses to stressors in lactating and nonlactating mammals: a literature review.

Although stress research is a popular topic of study, little is known about the neuroendocrine responses to a stressor in lactating and nonlactating humans. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature was to examine the neuroendocrine responses, specifically the glucocorticoids and catecholamines, in lactating and nonlactating animals and humans to an acute stressor. A brief overview of the physiological stress response in the human is included. Animal studies strongly suggest that lactation is associated with major changes in neuroendocrine responses to a variety of acute stressors. Neuroendocrine responses in humans to stressors are less clear due to the limited research. Future research is needed involving these responses in humans generally, as well as specifically in the patterns of neuroendocrine responses to chronic stressors in lactating and nonlactating women.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life after participation in a rural phase II cardiac rehabilitation program.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of a cardiac rehabilitation program (phase II) in improving participants' quality of life (QOL). Existing data collected previously by a not-for-profit rural community hospital using the SF-36 tool were analyzed. The secondary data consisted of precardiac and post-cardiac rehabilitation SF-36 scores for 121 phase II participants. All the 8 subscale post scores of the SF-36 were higher when compared to the pre-rehabilitation scores. In this non-controlled trial, results suggest that participation in rural cardiac rehabilitation programs may improve patients' perceptions of QOL and health.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Milk volume on day 4 and income predictive of lactation adequacy at 6 weeks of mothers of nonnursing preterm infants.

Lactating mothers of preterm infants who are pump-dependent are at high risk for difficulty maintaining an adequate milk supply. This article reports the naturally occurring volume of milk removed from the breast by mechanical expression over time for 81 mothers of nonnursing preterm infants from 4 tertiary care centers in the Midwest. Baseline variables (infant gestation in weeks; intended length in weeks to breastfeed; number of hours post-delivery to first breast stimulation; infant weight in grams; timing of decision to provide mother's milk; income; maternal education, kangaroo care during week 1; previous breastfeeding experience; white, non-Hispanic) and day 4 variables (milk volume, frequency of pumping) were explored for predicting milk adequacy at week 6. Using the significant predictive variables of milk levels at day 4 and income, the logistic regression accurately classified 85% of the 40 mothers with inadequate milk production (<500 mL/d) and 85.5% of the 41 mothers with adequate milk production (> or = 500 mL/d). While controlling for income, the 27 mothers with lowest milk production at 4 days were 9.5 times more likely to have an inadequate milk supply at 6 weeks than the 54 mothers with higher milk production. While controlling for day 4 milk production, lower annual income mothers (< dollar 50,000) were 5 times more at risk of inadequate milk production than those with high income (> or = dollar 50,000) at week 6. This study emphasizes the importance of the amount of milk volume expressed in the early postpartum period during lactogenesis. In addition, neonatal nurses need to be cognizant that income levels may make a difference in milk production.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast augmentation & lactation outcome: a case report.

This article contains two case reports that illustrate the difficulty two mothers experienced when they mechanically expressed their milk for their very preterm infants. Each of the mothers was enrolled in a separate research study and had previously undergone surgery for breast augmentation. Neither of the mothers was able to provide an adequate milk supply for her preterm infant. Preoperative counseling and informed consent for breast augmentation is vital if the mother desires to exclusively provide mother's milk for the infant.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention of and therapies for nipple pain: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on nipple pain and to delineate effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers. DATA SOURCES: Computerized searches on MEDLINE, Pre-MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library. STUDY SELECTION: Articles from indexed journals relevant to the objective were reviewed from January 1983 to April 2004. Preference was given to research-based studies in English. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted and organized under two headings: prevention of nipple pain or trauma and treatment of nipple pain or trauma. The Critical Appraisal Form by J. Briggs was used to extract the data from research-based articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: The health benefits of breastfeeding for mother and infant are well documented; however, nipple pain is a common reason reported by women for the early termination of breastfeeding. Several studies have compared various treatments for either the prevention of or treatment for nipple pain. These treatments include warm water compresses, tea bag compresses, heat, application of expressed mother's milk, lanolin, vitamin A, collagenase, dexpanthenol, hydrogel therapy, glycerin gel therapy, moist occlusive dressing, education regarding proper latch-on and positioning, and no treatment. CONCLUSIONS: No one topical agent showed superior results in the relief of nipple discomfort. The most important factor in decreasing the incidence of nipple pain is the provision of education in relation to proper breastfeeding technique and latch-on as well as anticipatory guidance regarding the high incidence of early postpartum nipple pain.

Administration, Cutaneous↗