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Patrick J Farmer

Publications and source records attributed to Patrick J Farmer.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Oxygenation of zinc dialkyldithiocarbamate complexes: isolation, characterization, and reactivity of the stoichiometric oxygenates.

S-oxygenation of dithiocarbamate (DTC) complexes has been implicated in their function as industrial anti-oxidants, as well as in their use as pesticides and most recently in their cumulative toxicity, but little is known of the species generated. Several S-oxygenated derivatives of N,N-disubstituted DTCs have been synthesized, characterized by a variety of methods, and their structure and reactivity examined. Low-temperature reaction of bis(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamato)zinc(II), Zn(deDTC)2 1, with oxygenating reagents (hydrogen peroxide, m-chloroperbenzoic acid, urea hydrogen peroxide) yields mono-oxygenated DTC complexes (N,N-peroxydiethyldithiocarbamato)(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamato)zin(II), Zn(O-deDTC)(deDTC), 2 and bis(N,N-peroxydiethyldithiocarbamato)zinc(II), Zn(O-deDTC)2, 3. The tetraoxygenated derivative bis(N,N-diethylthiocarbamoylsulfinato)zinc(II), Zn(O(2)-deDTC)2, 4, was cleanly obtained by initial reaction of the DTC salts with stoichiometric oxidant prior to complexation with Zn(II). X-ray crystallographic analysis of 2, 3, and 4 show that the peroxydithiocarbamate ligands are S,O-bound. Similar derivatives were obtained from the homoleptic dimethyl and pyrollidine DTC Zn complexes. These oxygenated species display unique 1H and 13C NMR variable-temperature spectra, as the symmetry of DTC ligand is broken upon oxygenation; total line shape analysis (TLSA) was used to compare the energetic parameters for rotation about the C-N bond in several derivatives. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 were deoxygenated by alkyl phosphine, regenerating the parent dithiocarbamate 1. The peroxydithiocarbamate complexes were susceptible to base-catalyzed hydrolytic decomposition, giving ligand-based products indicative of S-oxidation and S-extrusion.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

The interaction of nitric oxide with distinct hemoglobins differentially amplifies endothelial heme uptake and heme oxygenase-1 expression.

Heme is a strong inducer and substrate of the stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which produces carbon monoxide, iron, and bilirubin. We have reported recently that nitric oxide (NO) augments the incorporation of free hemin in endothelial cells, resulting in amplified HO-1 expression and production of bilirubin. Here, we extend our studies by showing that both NO+ and NO- donors interacted with reduced (HbA0) or oxidized (metHb) hemoglobin, as well as hemoglobin from sickle cell disease (HbS), to strongly magnify HO-1, with a pattern of induction dependent on the oxidation state of the hemoglobin used. A corresponding enhancement of endothelial heme uptake was observed following exposure of HbA0 or HbS to the NO donors, which also increased the uptake of free hemin. We postulated that this effect may be caused by formation of heme-nitrosyl (H-NO) complexes, and indeed endothelial cells exposed to preformed H-NO showed greater heme incorporation than free hemin. Furthermore, NO donors directly affected the permeability of membranes to free hemin. In conclusion, our data indicate a novel role for NO in the modulation of heme transport and HO-1 induction in endothelial cells, which may be relevant for hematological disorders characterized by disruption of the heme-NO equilibrium.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The putidaredoxin reductase-putidaredoxin electron transfer complex: theoretical and experimental studies.

Interaction and electron transfer between putidaredoxin reductase (Pdr) and putidaredoxin (Pdx) from Pseudomonas putida was studied by molecular modeling, mutagenesis, and stopped flow techniques. Based on the crystal structures of Pdr and Pdx, a complex between the proteins was generated using computer graphics methods. In the model, Pdx is docked above the isoalloxazine ring of FAD of Pdr with the distance between the flavin and [2Fe-2S] of 14.6 A. This mode of interaction allows Pdx to easily adjust and optimize orientation of its cofactor relative to Pdr. The key residues of Pdx located at the center, Asp(38) and Trp(106), and at the edge of the protein-protein interface, Tyr(33) and Arg(66), were mutated to test the Pdr-Pdx computer model. The Y33F, Y33A, D38N, D38A, R66A, R66E, W106F, W106A, and Delta106 mutations did not affect assembly of the [2Fe-2S] cluster and resulted in a marginal change in the redox potential of Pdx. The electron-accepting ability of Delta106 Pdx was similar to that of the wild-type protein, whereas electron transfer rates from Pdr to other mutants were diminished to various degrees with the smallest and largest effects on the kinetic parameters of the Pdr-to-Pdx electron transfer reaction caused by the Trp(106) and Tyr(33)/Arg(66) substitutions, respectively. Compared with wild-type Pdx, the binding affinity of all studied mutants to Pdr was significantly higher. Experimental results were in agreement with theoretical predictions and suggest that: (i) Pdr-Pdx complex formation is mainly driven by steric complementarity, (ii) bulky side chains of Tyr(33), Arg(66), and Trp(106) prevent tight binding of oxidized Pdx and facilitate dissociation of the reduced iron-sulfur protein from Pdr, and (iii) transfer of an electron from FAD to [2Fe-2S] can occur with various orientations between the cofactors through multiple electron transfer pathways that do not involve Trp(106) but are likely to include Asp(38) and Cys(39).

Ferredoxins↗
PubMed2005

Effect of stacking and redox state on optical absorption spectra of melanins -- comparison of theoretical and experimental results.

In this work the effect of aggregation and oxidation on the optical absorption of eumelanin oligomeric sheets is investigated by applying quantum mechanics and atomistic simulation studies to a simplified eumelanin structural model that includes 1-3 sheets of hexameric oligomer sheets. The oligomeric hypothesis is supported by AFM characterizations of synthetic eumelanins, formed by auto-oxidation or electrochemical oxidation of dihydroxyindole (DHI). Comparison of calculated absorption spectra to experimental spectra demonstrates a red shift in absorption with oxidation and stacking of the eumelanin and validates the theoretical results.

Chemistry, Physical↗
PubMed2005

Bonding in HNO-myoglobin as characterized by X-ray absorption and resonance raman spectroscopies.

The EXAFS and resonance Raman spectra on the HNO-myoglobin adduct, 1, are consistent with the presence of HNO bound to a heme center. The three-dimensional structure about the heme center of 1 obtained from multiple-scattering (MS) analysis of the EXAFS of the heme protein yielded an Fe-N-O bond angle of 131 degrees and an Fe-N bond length of 1.82 A, which compare well with published values for model complexes containing RNO ligands. Resonance Raman spectra identified the nu(N=O) stretch at 1385 cm-1 (confirmed by 15N labeling), which corresponds well with those reported for small molecule HNO complexes. The wavelength of the nu(Fe-N) at 636 cm-1 of 1 is significantly higher than those of MbIINO and MbIIINO (554 and 595 cm-1, respectively). The XAFS, XANES, and resonance Raman data are all consistent with the structure deduced from the NMR experiments, providing more detail on the bonding between HNO and the metal center.

Fourier Analysis↗
PubMed2005

Coordination chemistry of the HNO ligand with hemes and synthetic coordination complexes.

The coordination chemistry of the one-electron reduced form of nitric oxide, termed a nitroxyl or nitrosyl hydride (NO- or HNO), is described with special focus on its interaction with hemes and heme model complexes. Nitroxyl intermediates have been proposed in the catalytic cycles of several heme-based nitrite and nitric oxide reductases; in fungal cytochrome P450nor, a short-lived nitroxyl-adduct has been observed during catalytic turnover. Ferrous-nitroxyl adducts were first identified in electrochemical reductions of nitrosyl porphyrins and heme proteins, but only recently have these species been characterized in solution. Small molecule HNO complexes of transition metals are rare, and the several reported species are presented with descriptions of their synthesis, and a comparison of available spectroscopic data. Special emphasis is given to the long-lived HNO adduct of myoglobin, including its synthesis by various routes and characterization by 1H NMR, resonance Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. HNO is isoelectronic with 1O2, and as with oxymyoglobin, there are several possible descriptions for its bonding with a ferrous heme; an analogy to the pi-bonding interactions of a Fischer carbene is presented. A survey of the reactivity associated with the characterizable HNO complexes is made, including redox and protonation equilibrium, reactivity with small molecules, and dissociation or displacement reactions.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed2004

Disulfiram facilitates intracellular Cu uptake and induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells.

The alcohol-abuse deterrent disulfiram (DSF) is shown to have a highly selective toxicity against melanoma in culture, inducing a largely apoptotic response, with much lower toxicity against several other cell lines. Melanoma cell lines derived from different stages (radial, vertical, and metastatic phase) were all sensitive to DSF treatment in vitro; melanocytes were only slightly affected. A required role of extracellular Cu is demonstrated for DSF toxicity. Low concentrations of DSF alone decreased the number of viable cells, and the addition of CuCl(2) significantly enhanced the DSF-induced cell death to less than 10% of control. Significantly, the intracellular Cu concentration of melanoma cells increased rapidly upon DSF treatment. Both the intracellular Cu uptake and the toxicity induced by DSF were blocked by co-incubation with bathocuproine disulfonic acid (BCPD, 100 muM), a non-membrane-permeable Cu chelator. Chemical studies demonstrated a complicated, extracellular redox reaction between Cu(II) and DSF, which forms the complex Cu(deDTC)(2) in high yield, accompanied by oxidative decomposition of small amounts of disulfiram. The Cu complex has somewhat higher activity against melanoma and is suggested to be the active agent in DSF-induced toxicity. The redox conversion of DSF was unique to Cu(II) and not engendered by the other common biological metal ions Fe(II or III), Mn(III), and Zn(II). The implications of this work are significant both in the possible treatment of melanoma as well as in limiting the known side-effects of DSF, which we propose may be diminished by cotreatment to decrease adventitious Cu.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2004

Multiple pathways for the oxygenation of a ruthenium(II) dithiocarbamate complex: S-oxygenation and S-extrusion.

The reactions of Ru(bpy)(2)(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate)(+), 1, with O-atom-transfer reagents such as hydrogen peroxide, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and oxone have been studied and several resulting derivatives isolated and structurally characterized. Both S-oxygenation and S-extrusion may occur depending upon reagent and conditions. Excess peroxygenation leads to a stable dioxygenate, Ru(bpy)(2)(N,N-dimethylthiocarbamatesulfinate-S,S)(+), 3. Stoichiometric oxygenation leads to mixtures of products from which two forms of monooxygenated species Ru(bpy)(2)(N,N-dimethylperoxydithiocarbamate-S,S), 2a, and Ru(bpy)(2)(N,N-dimethylperoxydithiocarbamate-O,S), 2b, and an S-extruded product, Ru(bpy)(2)(N,N-dimethylmonothiocarbamate)(+), 4, have been isolated as PF(6)(-) salts. The S,S-bound monooxygenate is unstable over time toward either O-atom-transfer reactions via disproportionation or reaction with phosphines or S-extrusion yielding complex 4 in which the thiocarbamate is bonded solely through the remaining S atom. All the complexes have been characterized by (1)H NMR, UV-vis, and mass spectroscopies, and all but the highly reactive 2a structurally determined by X-ray crystallography.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

High-temperature electrocatalysis using thermophilic P450 CYP119: dehalogenation of CCl4 to CH4.

The use of a thermophilic cytochrome P450, CYP119, in electrocatalytic dehalogenations of C1 halocarbon solvents is studied. Temperature stable enzyme-modified electrodes were constructed using sol-gel and polymeric surfactant approaches. CYP119 deposited in a dimethyldidodecylammonium poly(p-styrene sulfonate) (DDAPSS) film has good retention of electrochemical activity up to 80 degrees C. At potentials approaching the FeII/I couple, the CYP119/DDAPSS films demonstrate high catalytic dehalogenations of the C1 chloromethanes CCl4, CHCl3, and CH2Cl2. Product analysis identified mixtures of sequentially dechlorinated products up to methane; no evidence for radical-coupled products was observed. The yield of methane from the CYP119-catalyzed reduction of CCl4 is increased 35-fold from 25 degrees C to 55 degrees C. In combination with the lack of C2 products, the facility of an overall eight-electron reductive dehalogenation suggests that the substrate is constrained within the protein during electrocatalytic turnover.

Archaeal Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Electron-transfer chemistry of Ru-linker-(heme)-modified myoglobin: rapid intraprotein reduction of a photogenerated porphyrin cation radical.

We report the synthesis and characterization of RuC7, a complex in which a heme is covalently attached to a [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) complex through a -(CH(2))(7)- linker. Insertion of RuC7 into horse heart apomyoglobin gives RuC7Mb, a Ru(heme)-protein conjugate in which [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) emission is highly quenched. The rate of photoinduced electron transfer (ET) from the resting (Ru(2+)/Fe(3+)) to the transient (Ru(3+)/Fe(2+)) state of RuC7Mb is >10(8) s(-1); the back ET rate (to regenerate Ru(2+)/Fe(3+)) is 1.4 x 10(7) s(-1). Irreversible oxidative quenching by [Co(NH(3))(5)Cl](2+) generates Ru(3+)/Fe(3+): the Ru(3+) complex then oxidizes the porphyrin to a cation radical (P*+); in a subsequent step, P*+ oxidizes both Fe(3+) (to give Fe(IV)=O) and an amino acid residue. The rate of intramolecular reduction of P*+ is 9.8 x 10(3) s(-1); the rate of ferryl formation is 2.9 x 10(3) s(-1). Strong EPR signals attributable to tyrosine and tryptophan radicals were recorded after RuC7MbM(3+) (M = Fe, Mn) was flash-quenched/frozen.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Electrocatalytic reductions of nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide by thermophilic cytochrome P450 CYP119 in film-modified electrodes and an analytical comparison of its catalytic activities with myoglobin.

Previous investigations of nitrite and nitric oxide reduction by myoglobin in surfactant film modified electrodes characterized several distinct steps in the denitrification pathway, including isolation of a nitroxyl adduct similar to that proposed in the P450nor catalytic cycle. To investigate the effect of the axial ligand on these biomimetic reductions, we report here a comparison of the electrocatalytic activity of myoglobin (Mb) with a thermophilic cytochrome P450 CYP119. Electrocatalytic nitrite reduction by CYP119 is very similar to that by Mb: two catalytic waves at analogous potentials are observed, the first corresponding to the reduction of nitric oxide, the second to the production of ammonia. CYP119 is a much more selective catalyst, giving almost exclusively ammonia during the initial half-hour of reductive electrolysis of nitrite. More careful investigations of specific steps in the catalytic cycle show comparable rates of nitrite dehydration and almost identical potentials and lifetimes for ferrous nitroxyl intermediate (Fe(II)-NO(-)) in CYP119 and Mb. The catalytic efficiency of nitric oxide reduction is reduced for CYP119 as compared to Mb, attributable to both a lower affinity of the protein for NO and a decreased rate of N-N coupling. Isotopic labeling studies show ammonia incorporation into nitrous oxide produced during nitrite reduction, as has been termed co-denitrification for certain bacterial and fungal nitrite reductases. Mb has a much higher co-denitrification activity than CYP119. Conversely, CYP119 is shown to be slightly more efficient at the two-electron reduction of N(2)O to N(2). These results suggest that thiolate ligation does not significantly alter the catalytic reactivity, but the dramatic difference in product distribution may suggest an important role for protein stability in the selectivity of biocatalysts.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

Efficient trapping of HNO by deoxymyoglobin.

Nitrosyl hydride, HNO, also commonly termed nitroxyl, is a transient species that has been implicated in the biological activity of nitric oxide, NO. Herein, we report the first generation of a stable HNO-metal complex by direct trapping of free HNO. Deoxymyoglobin (Mb-Fe(II)) rapidly reacts with HNO produced from the decomposition of methylsulfonylhydroxylamine (MSHA) or Angeli's salt (AS) in aqueous solutions from pH 7 to pH 10, forming an adduct, Mb-HNO. The unique 1H NMR signal of the Fe-bound HNO at 14.8 ppm allows definitive proof of its formation. The generation of Mb-HNO and quantification of various myoglobin byproducts were accomplished by correlation of 1H NMR, UV-vis, and EPR spectroscopies. Typically, the maximum Mb-HNO yield obtained is 60-80%; competitive side reactions with byproducts as well as the further reactivity of the Mb-HNO decrease the overall yield. At pH 10, the observed rate of Mb-HNO generation by trapping HNO from MSHA is close to that for MSHA decomposition; kinetic simulations give a lower limit to the bimolecular rate of trapping as 1.4 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). The binding of HNO to deoxymyoglobin is rapid and essentially irreversible, which suggests that the biological activity of nitroxyl may be mediated by its reactivity with ferrous heme proteins such as myoglobin and hemoglobin.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A novel heme and peroxide-dependent tryptophan-tyrosine cross-link in a mutant of cytochrome c peroxidase.

The crystal structure of a cytochrome c peroxidase mutant where the distal catalytic His52 is converted to Tyr reveals that the tyrosine side-chain forms a covalent bond with the indole ring nitrogen atom of Trp51. We hypothesize that this novel bond results from peroxide activation by the heme iron followed by oxidation of Trp51 and Tyr52. This hypothesis has been tested by incorporation of a redox-inactive Zn-protoporphyrin into the protein, and the resulting crystal structure shows the absence of a Trp51-Tyr52 cross-link. Instead, the Tyr52 side-chain orients away from the heme active-site pocket, which requires a substantial rearrangement of residues 72-80 and 134-144. Additional experiments where heme-containing crystals of the mutant were treated with peroxide support our hypothesis that this novel Trp-Tyr cross-link is a peroxide-dependent process mediated by the heme iron.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2003

Melanin as a target for melanoma chemotherapy: pro-oxidant effect of oxygen and metals on melanoma viability.

Melanoma cells have a poor ability to mediate oxidative stress, which may be attributed to constitutive abnormalities in their melanosomes. We hypothesize that disorganization of the melanosomes will allow chemical targeting of the melanin within. Chemical studies show that under oxidative conditions, synthetic melanins demonstrate increased metal affinity and a susceptibility to redox cycling with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-active 5,5'-dimethyl-pyrollidine N-oxide spin adduct was used to show that binding of divalent Zn or Cu to melanin induces a pro-oxidant response under oxygen, generating superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. A similar pro-oxidant behaviour is seen in melanoma cell lines under external peroxide stress. Melanoma cultures grown under 95% O2/5% CO2 atmospheres show markedly reduced viability as compared with normal melanocytes. Cu- and Zn-dithiocarbamate complexes, which induce passive uptake of the metal ions into cells, show significant antimelanoma activity. The antimelanoma effect of metal- and oxygen-induced stress appears additive rather than synergistic; both treatments are shown to be significantly less toxic to melanocytes.

Cell Line, Tumor↗
PubMed2002

1H NMR structure of the heme pocket of HNO-myoglobin.

The unique (1)H NMR signal of nitrosyl hydride at 14.8 ppm is used to obtain a solution structure of the distal pocket of Mb-HNO, a rare nitroxyl adduct with a half-life of several months at room temperature. (1)H NMR, NOESY and TOCSY data were obtained under identical experimental conditions on solutions of the diamagnetic HNO and CO complexes of equine Mb, allowing direct comparison of NMR data to a crystallographically characterized structure. Twenty NOEs between the nitrosyl hydride and protein and heme-based signals were observed. The HNO orientation obtained by modeling the experimental (1)H NMR NOESY data yielded an orientation of ca. -104 degrees referenced to the N-Fe-N vector between alpha and beta mesoprotons. An essentially identical orientation was obtained by simple energy minimization of the HNO adduct using ESFF potentials, suggesting steric control of the orientation. Differences in chemical shifts are seen for protons on residues Phe43(CD1) and Val68(E11), but both exhibit virtually identical NOESY contacts to other residues, and thus are attributed to small movements of ca. 0.1 A within the strong ring current. The most significant differences are seen in the NOESY peak intensities and chemical shifts for the ring non-labile protons of the distal His64(E7). The orientation of the His64(E7) in Mb-HNO was analyzed on the basis of the NOESY cross-peak changes and chemical shift changes, predicting a ca. 20 degrees rotation about the beta-gamma bond. The deduced HNO and His64(E7) orientations result in geometry where the His64(E7) ring can serve as the donor for a significant H-bond to the oxygen atom of the bound HNO.

Animals↗