Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Patrick Norman.
Multiphysics modeling, combining quantum mechanical and classical wave mechanical theories, of clamping levels has been performed for a platinum(II) organic compound in a sol-gel glass matrix. A clamping level of 2.5 microJ is found for a pulse duration of 10 ns. The excited-state absorption in the triplet manifold is shown to be crucial for clamping to occur.
A polarization propagator for x-ray spectra is outlined and implemented in density functional theory. It rests on a formulation of a resonant-convergent first-order polarization propagator approach which makes it possible to directly calculate the x-ray absorption cross section at a particular frequency without explicitly addressing the excited states. The quality of the predicted x-ray spectrum relates only to the type of density functional applied without any separate treatment of dynamical relaxation effects.
The frequency-dependent polarizabilities of closed-shell sodium clusters containing up to 20 atoms have been calculated using the linear complex polarization propagator approach in conjunction with Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham density functional theories. In combination with polarizabilities for C(60) from a previous work [J. Chem. Phys. 123, 124312 (2005)], the C(6) dipole-dipole dispersion coefficients for the metal-cluster-to-cluster and cluster-to-buckminster-fullerene interactions are obtained via the Casimir-Polder relation [Phys. Rev. 73, 360 (1948)]. The B3PW91 results for the polarizability of the sodium dimer and tetramer are benchmarked against coupled cluster calculations. The error bars of the reported theoretical results for the C(6) coefficients are estimated to be 5%, and the results are well within the error bars of the experiment.
The nonlinear polarization and two-photon absorption parameters have been determined for dibromo- and di-iodobenzene in their meta- and ortho-conformations and with relativistic effects accounted for to a varying degree. By exclusion of small component integrals in the calculations of the first-order hyperpolarizability, results within 1% of fully relativistic four-component Hartree-Fock values are obtained at a cost of 8.7 times the corresponding nonrelativistic calculations. It is shown that the nonlinear absorption in bromobenzene (and even more so in iodobenzene) is broad banded due to spin-orbit interactions among the excited states, and nonrelativistic and scalar relativistic calculations are not to be used in this case.
In order to find a methodology that is a compromise between favorable computational scaling and tolerable errors, a series of nonrelativistic approaches for the calculation of radiative phosphorescence lifetimes are benchmarked against fully relativistic four-component results. The study of the a 3A2-X 1A1 transition intensity in the series of H2CX molecules, where X is a chalcogene atom, X={O,S,Se,Te}, indicates a general good agreement between fully relativistic four-component and nonrelativistic perturbation-theoretical calculations. Among the nonrelativistic approaches, the scaled-charge spin-orbit operator approach is recognized as to provide transition matrix elements that are in good agreement with those obtained with the more elaborate Breit-Pauli and atomic mean field spin-orbit operators. This finding supports phosphorescence calculations using the available linear scaling technology for large complexes and, together with effective-core potentials, large complexes including heavy elements.
Based on the Ehrenfest theorem, an equation of motion that takes relaxation into account has been presented in wave-function theory, and the resulting response functions are nondivergent in the off-resonant as well as the resonant regions of optical frequencies. The derivation includes single- and multideterminant reference states. When applied to electric dipole properties, the response functions correspond to the phenomenological sum-over-states expressions of Orr and Ward [Mol. Phys. 20, 513 (1971)] for polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities of an isolated system. A universal dispersion formula is derived for the complex second-order response function. Response theory calculations are performed on lithium hydride and para-nitroaniline for off-resonant and resonant frequencies in the electro-optical Kerr effect and second-harmonic generation.
The frequency-dependent polarizabilities and the C6 dipole-dipole dispersion coefficients for the first members of the polyacenes namely benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and naphthacene as well as the fullerene C60 have been calculated at the time-dependent Hartree-Fock level and the time-dependent density-functional theory level with the hybrid B3LYP exchange-correlation functional. The dynamic polarizabilities at imaginary frequencies are obtained with use of the complex linear polarization propagator method and the C6 coefficients are subsequently determined from the Casimir-Polder relation. We report the first ab initio calculations of the C6 coefficients for the molecules under consideration, and our recommended value for the dispersion coefficient of the fullerene is 101.0 a.u.
A first implementation of the single residue of the quadratic response function in the four-component Hartree-Fock approximation is presented. The implementation is based on a Kramers paired molecular orbital basis and takes full advantage of time and spatial symmetry reductions in a quaternion formulation-in analogy with the previous work on the quadratic response function [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 6145 (2004)]. Sample calculations are given in terms of the monochromatic and coherent two-photon absorption cross sections in the noble gases. The relativistic two-photon selection rule DeltaJ = {0,+/-2} allows for nonrelativistically spin-forbidden transitions, and, even in neon, strong two-photon absorption is shown to occur for the X (1)S(0)-->2 (3)P(2) transition. It is argued that relevant comparisons between nonrelativistic and relativistic calculations must be performed at the level of integrated absorption cross sections.
The effects of relativity on the magnetic-field induced circular birefringence, or Faraday effect, in He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Rn, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2 have been determined at the four-component Hartree-Fock level of theory. A measure of the birefringence is given by the Verdet constant, which is a third-order molecular property and thus relates to quadratic response functions. A fully analytical nonlinear polarization propagator approach is employed. The results are gauge invariant as a consequence of the spatial symmetries in the molecular systems. The calculations include electronic as well as vibrational contributions to the property. Comparison with experiment is made for He, Ne, Ar, Xe, and Cl2, and, apart from neon, the theoretical values of the Verdet constant are within 10% of the experimental ones. The inclusion of nonrelativistically spin-forbidden excitations in the propagator parametrization has significant effects on the dispersion in general, but such effects are in the general case largely explained by the use of a resonant-divergent propagator theory. In the present work we do, however, observe noticeable relativistic corrections to the Verdet constant in the off-resonant regions for systems with light elements (F2 and Cl2), and nonrelativistic results for the Verdet constant of Br2 are in error by 25% in the low-frequency region.
The second-order response function has been implemented in the time-dependent four-component Hartree-Fock approximation. The implementation is atomic orbital direct and formulated in terms of Fock-type matrices. It employs a quaternion symmetry scheme that provides maximum computational efficiency with consideration made to time-reversal and spatial symmetries. Calculations are presented for the electric dipole first-order hyperpolarizabilities of CsAg and CsAu in the second-harmonic generation optical process beta(-2omega;omega,omega). It is shown that relativistic corrections to property values are substantial in these cases--the orientationally averaged hyperpolarizabilities in the static limit beta(0;0,0) are overestimated in nonrelativistic calculations by 18% and 66% for CsAg and CsAu, respectively. The dispersion displays anomalies in the band gap region due to one- and two-photon resonances with nonrelativistically spin-forbidden states. Although weakly absorbing these states inflict divergences in the quadratic response function, since the response theoretical approach which is used adopts the infinite excited-state lifetime approximation. This fact calls for caution in applications where knowledge of the exact positioning of all excited states in the spectrum is unknown.
Few-states models are derived for the calculation of three-photon absorption matrix elements. Together with earlier derived few-states models for two-photon absorption, the models are evaluated against results from response theory calculations that provide the full sum-over-states values. It is demonstrated that not even for systems with charge-transfer character, where few-states models for two-photon absorption are in excellent agreement with response theory, do the models provide a quantitatively correct description for three-photon absorption. The convergence behavior, merits, and shortcomings of the models are elucidated in some detail. The role of various characteristics of the electronic structure, such as symmetry, charge transfer, and conjugation--important for the formation of a large three-photon cross section--is analyzed. As for two-photon absorption cross sections, it is essential to consider generalized few-states models also for three-photon absorption, that is, to account for dipolar directions and laser beam polarization. Despite their poor quantitative performance, it is argued that few-states models at times can be useful for interpretation purposes when applied to three-photon absorption.
The complex linear response function, which can be employed for calculations of second-order molecular properties in regions of strong absorption, is here extended to encompass the mixed electric-dipole-magnetic-dipole polarizability. The mixed electric-dipole-magnetic-dipole polarizability determines the optical rotation and, when absorption is taken into account, the full anomalous optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectra of chiral molecules can be calculated using first-principle quantum-chemical methods. Gauge-origin independence of the results is ensured through the use of London atomic orbitals. To illustrate the importance of taking the absorption process properly into account, we here apply this methodology to the study of the anomalous ORD of hydrogen peroxide, 3R-methylcyclohexanone, 4R-1,1-dimethyl-[3]-(1,2)-ferrocenophan-2-on, and the D(2) isomer of the C(84) fullerene.