Biomedical subjects

Philip L Marston

Publications and source records attributed to Philip L Marston.

10 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Axial radiation force of a bessel beam on a sphere and direction reversal of the force.

An expression is derived for the radiation force on a sphere placed on the axis of an ideal acoustic Bessel beam propagating in an inviscid fluid. The expression uses the partial-wave coefficients found in the analysis of the scattering when the sphere is placed in a plane wave traveling in the same external fluid. The Bessel beam is characterized by the cone angle beta of its plane wave components where beta=0 gives the limiting case of an ordinary plane wave. Examples are found for fluid spheres where the radiation force reverses in direction so the force is opposite the direction of the beam propagation. Negative axial forces are found to be correlated with conditions giving reduced backscattering by the beam. This condition may also be helpful in the design of acoustic tweezers for biophysical applications. Other potential applications include the manipulation of objects in microgravity. Islands in the (ka, beta) parameter plane having a negative radiation force are calculated for the case of a hexane drop in water. Here k is the wave number and a is the drop radius. Low frequency approximations to the radiation force are noted for rigid, fluid, and elastic solid spheres in an inviscid fluid.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Hysteresis and mode coupling in capillary bridge oscillations: observations.

We investigate nonlinear axisymmetric oscillations of capillary bridges in a Plateau tank of density-matched liquids. The liquids are selected to have unusually small kinematic viscosities. Large amplitude oscillations are excited by applying oscillating Maxwell stresses. The modal frequency response is measured by incrementing the excitation frequency. In a narrow range of frequencies the response depends on the direction (downward or upward) of the increments in a way consistent with a lumped-parameter model of hysteresis for weakly damped oscillators having a mode-softening nonlinearity. The bridge length is selected so that the third harmonic is the natural frequency of a higher-order capillary mode and that mode also exhibits hysteresis.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Manipulation of fluid objects with acoustic radiation pressure.

Conditions are summarized for manipulating and stabilizing fluid objects based on the acoustic radiation pressure of standing waves. Examples include (but are not limited to) liquid drops, gas bubbles in liquids, and cylindrical liquid bridges. The emphasis is on situations where the characteristic wavelength of the acoustic field is large in comparison to the relevant dimension of the fluid object. Tables are presented for ease of comparing the signs of qualitatively different radiation force parameters for a variety of fluid objects.

Acoustics↗

PubMed2004

Active electrostatic control of liquid bridge dynamics and stability.

Stabilization of cylindrical liquid bridges beyond the Rayleigh-Plateau limit has been demonstrated in both Plateau-tank experiments and in short-duration low gravity on NASA KC-135 aircraft using an active electrostatic control method. The method controls the (2,0) capillary mode using an optical modal-amplitude detector and mode-coupled electrostatic feedback stress. The application of mode-coupled stresses to a liquid bridge is also a very useful way to study mode dynamics. A pure (2,0)-mode oscillation can be excited by periodic forcing and then the forcing can be turned off to allow for a free decay from which the frequency and damping of the mode is measured. This can be done in the presence or absence of feedback control. Mode-coupled feedback stress applied in proportion to modal amplitude with appropriate gain leads to stiffening of the mode allowing for stabilization beyond the Rayleigh-Plateau limit. If the opposite sign of gain is applied the mode frequency is reduced. It has also been demonstrated that, by applying feedback in proportion to the modal velocity, the damping of the mode can be increased or decreased depending on the velocity gain. Thus, both the mode frequency and damping can be independently controlled at the same time and this has been demonstrated in Plateau-tank experiments. The International Space Station (ISS) has its own modes of oscillation, some of which are in a low frequency range comparable to the (2,0)-mode frequency of typical liquid bridges. In the event that a vibration mode of the ISS were close to the frequency of a capillary mode it would be possible, with active electrostatic control, to shift the capillary-mode frequency away from that of the disturbance and simultaneously add artificial damping to further reduce the effect of the g-jitter. In principle, this method could be applied to any fluid configuration with a free surface.

Gravitation↗

PubMed2003

Observation of the enhanced backscattering of light by the end of a tilted dielectric cylinder owing to the caustic merging transition.

The scattering of light by obliquely illuminated circular dielectric cylinders was previously demonstrated to be enhanced by a merger of Airy caustics at a critical tilt angle. [Appl. Opt. 37, 1534 (1998)]. A related enhancement is demonstrated here for backward and near-backward scattering for cylinders cut with a flat end perpendicular to the cylinder's axis. It is expected that merged caustics will enhance the backscattering by clouds of randomly oriented circular cylinders that have appropriately flat ends.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Leaky helical flexural wave backscattering contributions from tilted water-filled cylindrical shells.

Helical flexural waves on a bluntly truncated tilted water-filled cylindrical steel shell in water are found to give large contributions to the backscattering above the coincidence frequency. The presence of the water inside the shell increases the damping of the leaky wave when short tone bursts are used. The magnitude of the scattering is found by modifying a ray analysis developed for empty shells. When longer bursts are used, some of the internally radiated energy (corresponding to the case of one internal chord) is superposed on the ordinary helical ray backscattering. This occurs as a consequence of the internal excitation of helical rays.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Negative group velocity Lamb waves on plates and applications to the scattering of sound by shells.

Symmetric Lamb waves on plates exhibit anomalies for certain regions of frequency. The phase velocity appears to be double-valued [M. F. Werby and H. Uberall, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 2686-2691 (2002)] with one of the branches having a negative group velocity relative to the corresponding phase velocity. The classification of the symmetric plate modes for frequencies appearing to have a double-valued phase velocity is reviewed here. The complication of a double-valued velocity is avoided by examining mode orthogonality and the complex wave-number spectra. Various authors have noted an enhancement in the backscattering of sound by elastic shells in water that occurs for frequencies where symmetric leaky Lamb waves (generalized to case of a shell) have contra-directed group and phase velocities. The ray diagram for negative group velocity contributions to the scattering by shells [G. Kaduchak, D. H. Hughes, and P. L. Marston, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 3704-3714 (1994)] is unusual since for this type of mode the energy on the shell flows in the opposite direction of the wave vector. Circumnavigation of the shell is not required for the leaky ray to be backward directed.

Electromagnetic Phenomena↗

PubMed2002

Backscattering of transients by tilted truncated cylindrical shells: time-frequency identification of ray contributions from measurements.

Impulse backscattering measurements by a thick-walled finite cylindrical shell are examined in the time-frequency domain to identify and characterize individual ray contributions from generalized Lamb waves excited on the shell. Previous experiments and analysis in the frequency-aspect angle domain [S. F. Morse et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 785-794 (1998)] indicate that large backscattering enhancements occur in the midfrequency region for the shell tilted at large angles. Presently this experimental data is examined in the time-frequency domain for selected angles of incidence. Individual ray contributions are evident and their evolution over aspect angle is discussed. The most prominent contribution is due to the meridional ray of the a0 leaky Lamb wave. This feature distinctly highlights the truncation of the shell and is found over a range of aspect angles spanning 200 degrees for the frequencies examined. Also observed are periodic features corresponding to end-reflected helical waves of the a0-. These scattering features are significantly different from those reported for thin-walled finite cylinders at low frequencies. The present results may be useful for target identification and localization and as a comparison tool for high-frequency computational scattering models.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Leaky helical flexural wave backscattering contributions from tilted cylindrical shells in water: observations and modeling.

For tilt angles smaller than the meridional ray coupling condition previously investigated [S. F. Morse et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 785-794 (1998)], flexural helical waves on cylindrical shells can significantly enhance the backscattering. These contributions are compared and modeled here for an empty cylinder. Experiments using tone bursts were performed on a tilted stainless steel shell to investigate the contributions caused by flexural leaky Lamb waves above the coincidence frequency of the shell. In some of the measurements the tone bursts were of sufficient duration to superpose helical wave contributions of successive circumnavigations, along with the meridional contribution near the critical tilt, to arrive at a quasi-steady-state backscattering amplitude for the cylinder. These measurements are compared with an approximate numerical partial-wave series solution and a ray theory as a function of the tilt angle. The data for ka = 20 follow the basic shape of the ray theory and the relevant features of the partial-wave model. They illustrate the importance of the interference of successive helical wave contributions. Measurements (also as a function of the tilt angle) using tone bursts that were sufficiently short to separate the earliest helical wave contribution from later contributions also support the ray theory.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Meridional ray backscattering enhancements for empty truncated tilted cylindrical shells: measurements, ray model, and effects of a mode threshold.

Narrow-band backscattering experiments are used to characterize a meridional ray enhancement on a tilted, finite empty cylindrical shell having a blunt truncation. The meridional ray of the lowest order flexural leaky Lamb wave is examined, which has previously been shown to lead to large backscattering enhancements for excitation frequencies near and above the shell's coincidence frequency. The measurements are used to validate a convolution formulation ray theory describing the far-field backscattered amplitudes. Comparisons are also made with an approximate partial wave series solution for the finite cylindrical shell. The amplitude of the meridional ray enhancement is dependent on the nature of the reflection of the leaky wave from the shell truncation. While the peak measured amplitude agrees with predictions at low frequencies, experiments indicate the enhancement is degraded at high frequencies and exhibits an abrupt drop near the frequency of the mode threshold (cutoff) for the next-highest flexural mode. The nature of the leaky wave end reflection is examined using an approximate calculation of the energy reflection coefficient for leaky waves on a semi-infinite free plate. Results suggest the observed degradation is the result of mode conversion effects.

Acoustics↗