Biomedical subjects

Ping Jiang

Publications and source records attributed to Ping Jiang.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

A Novel Homozygous Mutation in ARL2BP Causes Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of the Flagella and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) frequently co-occur in male infertility. However, the genetic basis of this syndromic presentation remains unclear. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous ARL2BP splice-site mutation (c.294-2A>G) in a 23-year-old infertile male from a consanguineous family who presented with syndromic PCD and MMAF. This variant causes aberrant pre-mRNA splicing and triggers nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, resulting in the complete absence of ARL2BP protein expression. Transmission electron microscopy revealed extensive disorganization of flagellar axonemes with consistent central pair (CP) microtubule depletion and disorganization of peripheral doublets. Immunofluorescence confirmed a severe deficiency of the CP protein SPAG6 in the sperm flagella. Notably, the patient presented without retinal symptoms. Given that ARL2BP-related retinitis pigmentosa generally emerges during the third decade, long-term ophthalmological follow-up is essential to detect delayed-onset retinal degeneration. In conclusion, these findings confirm ARL2BP as a causative gene for both PCD and MMAF, expanding the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of ciliopathies.

Humans↗

PubMed2007

Psychological characteristics and marital quality of infertile women registered for in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection in China.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychological health status and marital quality of Chinese women who were referred for IVF-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), to compare the results with a control group, and to test the impact of clinical and sociodemographic determinants on psychological health status and marital quality in this cohort. DESIGN: A descriptive study of psychological health status and marital relationships, comparing infertile women who are registered for IVF or IVF-ICSI with fertile controls. SETTING: An assisted reproductive center of a science and technology institute of family planning. PATIENT(S): Two groups of infertile women (100 registered for IVF, and 100 registered for ICSI), and a control group of 100 women attending a gynecology clinic, who have no known history of infertility. INTERVENTION: Psychometric tests were administered at the first visit of the treatment cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Psychological status measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), and marital quality measured by the ENRICH (Evaluating & Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication & Happiness) marital inventory. RESULT(S): Infertile Chinese women planning to undergo IVF-ICSI scored significantly higher on all subscales of the SCL-90 than did controls. In addition, women in the IVF subgroup had significantly higher scores on depression scales than those in the ICSI subgroup. The study group displayed unstable relationships compared to the control group. Age, yearly income, duration of infertility, and history of unsuccessful IVF treatment had a negative correlation with psychological health status and marital quality. CONCLUSION(S): The stresses associated with infertility and IVF treatment had a negative impact on Chinese women's psychological health status and marital quality. These findings emphasize the need to include psychological and sociocultural considerations with any medical interventions for infertility.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Protection of pigs against post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by a recombinant adenovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2.

Post-weaning multisystemic wating syndrome (PMWS) associated with PCV2 was one of the most costly diseases currently faced by the swine industry. In order to develop a vaccine to control this disease, we previously constructed a recombinant adenovirus expressing the capsid of PCV2. Here, we examined the protection of swine against PMWS by the recombinant adenovirus. Eighteen 32-day-old pigs were assigned to three groups each with six. Group 1 was vaccinated subcutaneously with rAd-Cap and boosted 2 weeks later. Thirty-seven days after first vaccination, Groups 1 and 2 were oronasally challenged with virulent PCV2 isolate, 4 and 7 days later, intramuscularly exposed to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Group 3 remained unchallenged but with KLH. The results showed that high level of PCV2-specific ELISA antibody and neutralizing antibody could be induced at 37 days after first vaccination. After challenge, pigs in vaccinated group had no clearly clinical signs, although some of them had increased rectal temperatures (>/=40 degrees C) for short time. The pyrexic phase in vaccinated group was significantly lighter than that in challenge-control group (P<0.05). The relative daily weight gain in vaccinated-challenged group was similar to that in empty control group. But it was significantly high compared to the challenge-control group (P<0.05). Mean while the pathological lesions and virema presented in vaccinated group were milder than those in control group. It indicated that the recombinant adenovirus was able to confer significant protection against clinical disease and reduce pathogenic lesions induced by PCV2 challenge, even though it could not provide complete virological protection. The recombinant adenovirus might be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing the disease associated with PCV2 infection.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

In vivo color-coded imaging of the interaction of colon cancer cells and splenocytes in the formation of liver metastases.

The role of host cells in tumor progression and metastasis is critical. Intrasplenic injection of tumor cells has long been known as an effective method of developing liver metastases in nude mice, whereas portal vein (PV) injection of tumor cells can result in rapid death of the tumor cells. Host cells were thought to play a role in these phenomena. We report here that after splenic injection of tumor cells, splenocytes cotraffic with the tumor cells to the liver and facilitate metastatic colony formation. Human colon cancer cells that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked to histone H2B in the nucleus and red fluorescent protein (RFP) in the cytoplasm (HCT-116-GFP-RFP) were injected in either the PV or spleen of nude mice and imaged at the subcellular level in vivo. Extensive clasmocytosis (destruction of the cytoplasm) of the cancer cells occurred within 6 hours after PV injection and essentially all the cancer cells died. In contrast, splenic injection of these tumor cells resulted in the aggressive formation of liver and distant metastasis. GFP spleen cells were found in the liver metastases that resulted from intrasplenic injection of the tumor cells in transgenic nude mice ubiquitously expressing GFP. When GFP spleen cells and the RFP cancer cells were coinjected in the PV, liver metastasis resulted that contained GFP spleen cells. These results suggest a novel tumor-host interaction that enables efficient formation of liver metastasis via intrasplenic injection.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[An experimental study of recombinant human erythropoietin on the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the treatment and it's mechanisms of rHu-EPO on acute myocardial infarction of SD rats in vitro and vivo. METHODS: Cardiomyocytes were isolated from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. Hypoxia condition and oxidative stress were used to induce apoptosis. rHu-EPO was added to the culture system. Apoptosis was assessed by using Hoechst 33258 dyeing. Apoptosis index (AI) was then calculated. Thirty two rats were divided into three groups including sham operation group (Sham), acute myocardial infarction group (MI) and treated group (MI + EPO). Acute myocardial infarction model was made by ligating the anterior descending coronary artery. rHu-EPO was administered i.p. in MI + EPO group at the dose of 5000 units/kg of body weight immediately after the ligation and the next six days. At the fourteenth day all animals underwent hemodynamic measurements and then executed, the samples were examined with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain, immunohistochemistry technique (Bcl-2, Bax) and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) dyeing. RESULTS: rHu-EPO significantly down-regulated the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes which underwent hypoxia or oxidative stress. In vivo experiment rHu-EPO protected the hemodynamic function of the rats from myocardial infarction and down-regulated the ratio of the positive cells for TUNEL and Bax. The ratio of the positive cells for Bcl-2 was up-regulated by rHu-EPO. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested rHu-EPO improve myocardial infarction by attenuating apoptosis. Potential mechanism is to up-regulated Bcl-2 expression and down-regulated Bax expression.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

All-optical tunable photonic bandgap microcavities with a femtosecond time response.

An all-optical tunable photonic bandgap microcavity made from a two-dimensional polystyrene photonic crystal is fabricated by focused ion beam etching. The pump and probe scheme is adopted to measure tunability based on the femtosecond optical Kerr effect. An ultrafast response time of less than 120 fs is achieved for the tunable photonic bandgap microcavity. The microcavity resonant wavelength shifts 3.1 nm under excitation of 9.4 GW/cm2 pump intensity, which is in agreement with the theoretical prediction.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Cadmium induces apoptosis in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells by caspase-dependent and -independent pathways acting on mitochondria.

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known toxic compound for the kidney in vivo and in vitro. It has been demonstrated to induce nephrotoxicity via in part by apoptotic cell death, but the precise mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we have studied the effects of Cd on HEK 293 cells and investigated the mechanisms of Cd-induced apoptosis. Studies of morphology and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation demonstrated that 30-60 microM Cd induced apoptosis as early as 6-9h with strong effects on MTT activity, whereas 120 microM Cd revealed mainly necrosis, and the result of flow cytometry confirmed it. A concomitant time-dependent decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and Bcl-2 expression was observed, subsequently, release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) and activation of caspase-3 were detected, suggesting a caspase-dependent pathway. Meanwhile, mitochondrial AIF was released to cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting a caspase-independent pathway. Furthermore, when cells were transfected with pcDNA3/Bcl-2 before exposed to CdCl(2), alleviated apoptosis was assessed by part of the apoptotic features in this study. Taken together, our results showed that CdCl(2) caused time- and dose-dependent apoptosis or even necrosis in HEK 293 cells depending on the exposure conditions. The apoptotic events may involve mitochondrial disruption including both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2006

Recombinant adenovirus expressing GP5 and M fusion proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important contagious agents of swine in the world. PRRSV infection poses a challenge to current vaccination strategies. In this study, three replication-defective adenovirus recombinants were developed as potential vaccine against PRRSV in a mouse model. Three groups of BALB/c mice (24 mice per group) were inoculated subcutaneously twice at 2-week intervals with the recombinants expressing PRRSV GP5 (rAd-GP5), M (rAd-M), and M-GP5 fusion protein (rAd-M-GP5). Two additional groups were injected with wild-type adenovirus (wtAd) or PBS as control. The results showed that the mice inoculated with recombinant adenoviruses developed PRRSV-specific antibodies, cellular immune response by 2 weeks post second inoculation. However, only mice immunized with recombinant adenovirus rAd-M-GP5 developed significantly higher titers of neutralizing antibodies to PRRSV and produced stronger lymphocyte proliferation responses compared to mice immunized with rAd-M or rAd-GP5 alone. It was also found that mice immunized with rAd-M-GP5 were primed for significant higher levels of anti-PRRSV CTL responses than mice immunized with rAd-M. Mice receiving rAd-GP5 also mounted PRRSV-specific response, but levels were lower. It suggested that the recombinant adenovirus expressing M-GP5 fusion protein might be an attractive candidate vaccine to be tested for preventing PRRSV infection.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

Tumor cells genetically labeled with GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm for imaging cellular dynamics.

Dual-color fluorescent cells with one color fluorescent protein in the nucleus and another color fluorescent protein in the cytoplasm were genetically engineered. The dual-color cancer cells enable real-time nuclear-cytoplasmic dynamics to be visualized in living cells in vivo as well as in vitro. To obtain the dual-color cells, red fluorescent protein (RFP) was expressed in the cytoplasm of a series of human and rodent cancer cells, and green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked to histone H2B was expressed in the nucleus. Nuclear GFP expression enabled visualization of nuclear dynamics, whereas simultaneous cytoplasmic RFP expression enabled visualization of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios as well as simultaneous cell and nuclear shape changes. Using the Olympus OV100 Whole-Mouse Imaging System, total sub-cellular dynamics can be visualized in the living dual-color cells in real time in the live mouse after cell injection. Highly elongated cancer cells and nuclei in narrow capillaries were visualized where both the nuclei and cytoplasm deform. Both cytoplasm and nuclei were visualized to undergo extreme deformation during extravasation with cytoplasmic processing exiting vessels first and nuclei following along these processes. The dual-color cells described here thus enable the sub-cellular dynamics of cancer cell trafficking to be imaged in the living animal.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Development of real-time subcellular dynamic multicolor imaging of cancer-cell trafficking in live mice with a variable-magnification whole-mouse imaging system.

With the use of dual-color fluorescent cells and a highly sensitive whole-mouse imaging system with both macro-optics and micro-optics, we report here the development of subcellular real-time imaging of cancer cell trafficking in live mice. To observe cytoplasmic and nuclear dynamics in the living mouse, tumor cells were labeled in the nucleus with green fluorescent protein and with red fluorescent protein in the cytoplasm. Dual-color cancer cells were injected by a vascular route in an abdominal skin flap in nude mice. The mice were imaged with an Olympus OV100 whole-mouse imaging system with a sensitive CCD camera and five objective lenses, parcentered and parfocal, enabling imaging from macrocellular to subcellular. We observed the nuclear and cytoplasmic behavior of cancer cells in real time in blood vessels as they moved by various means or adhered to the vessel surface in the abdominal skin flap. During extravasation, real-time dual-color imaging showed that cytoplasmic processes of the cancer cells exited the vessels first, with nuclei following along the cytoplasmic projections. Both cytoplasm and nuclei underwent deformation during extravasation. Different cancer cell lines seemed to strongly vary in their ability to extravasate. With the dual-color cancer cells and the highly sensitive whole-mouse imaging system described here, the subcellular dynamics of cancer metastasis can now be observed in live mice in real time. This imaging technology will enable further understanding of the critical steps of metastasis and provide visible targets for antimetastasis drug development.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Expression of P2X receptors on immune cells in the rat liver during postnatal development.

Single and double-labeling immunofluorescence and RT-PCR expression of P2X receptor proteins and mRNAs were used in a study of the liver of postnatal rats. OX62 and ED1 were used as markers for dendritic and macrophage (Kupffer) cells respectively. The results showed that the P2X6 receptor subunit was up-regulated by 15-fold on hepatic sinusoid cells during postnatal days P1 to P60. Subpopulations of Kupffer cells co-expressed P2X4 and P2X6 receptor subunits and dendritic cells co-expressed P2X4 and P2X7 receptor subunits. Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) injected into the peritoneal cavity led to increased expression of the P2X6 receptor on Kupffer cells, suggesting that the P2X6 receptor subunit may be up-regulated by endotoxin. This study presents the first evidence that P2X receptors are widely distributed in the rat liver immune system and that activation of Kupffer and dendritic cells in the rat liver might be regulated by extracellular ATP.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by short hairpin RNA in MARC-145 cells.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important contagious agents of swine in the world. The current vaccines cannot provide highly effective protection. In this study, the ability of specific short hairpin RNA directed against different genomic regions of PRRSV to inhibit virus replication in MARC-145 cells was examined. Seven plasmids expressing shRNA targeted to GP5 and nucleocapsid (N) protein coding region of PRRSV S1 strain RNA were constructed and delivered into MARC-145 cells. After infection, these cells, transfected with plasmids pSUPER-N3 or pSUPER-G1, showed a significant decrease in virus yield when compared to control cells, by detection using virus titers (TCID50), indirect immunofluorescence assay and real-time RT-PCR. The antiviral effect was sequence-specific and dose-dependent and could sustain for 96 h. Furthermore, by combination of treatment with plasmid pSUPER-N3 and pSUPER-G1, the viral inhibition cloud be significantly increased. In addition, the viral suppression efficiency by shRNA in previously infected cells was not significant different from that induced by shRNA before viral infection. It indicated that administration of the two different shRNA could have a synergistic effect. RNA interference targeting to the various regions of PRRSV might be a potential alternative virus control strategy.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Detecting time-dependent coherence between non-stationary electrophysiological signals--a combined statistical and time-frequency approach.

Various time-frequency methods have been used to study time-varying properties of non-stationary neurophysiological signals. In the present study, a time-frequency coherence estimate using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) together with its confidence intervals are proposed to evaluate the correlation between two non-stationary processes. The approach is based on averaging over repeat trials. A systematic comparison between approaches using CWT and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is carried out. Simulated data are generated to test the performance of these methods when estimating time-frequency based coherence. In contrast to some recent studies, we find that CWT based coherence estimates do not supersede STFT based estimates. We suggest that a combination of STFT and CWT would be most suitable for analysing non-stationary neural data. Tests are presented to investigate the time and frequency discrimination capabilities of the two approaches. The methods are applied to two experimental data sets: electroencephalogram (EEG) and surface electromyogram (EMG) during wrist movements in a healthy subject, and local field potential (LFP) and surface EMG recordings during resting tremor in a Parkinsonian patient. Supporting software is available at and .

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Common bile duct injection as a novel method for establishing red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing human pancreatic cancer in nude mice.

CONTEXT: In our previous pancreatic cancer mouse models, we have used surgical orthotopic implantation of human pancreatic tumors to establish clinically relevant fluorescent mouse models of pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE: Since exocrine pancreatic cancer is thought to arise from the cells lining the ducts of the pancreas, we hypothesized that direct injection of tumor cells into the common bile duct would also result in pancreatic tumor formation and metastasis. INTERVENTION: In this study we injected a suspension of the low passage human pancreatic cancer cell line xPA-1 transfected with red fluorescent protein into the common bile duct of nude mice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis formation was monitored by intravital and whole body fluorescent imaging. Single fluorescent pancreatic cancer cells were imaged in the pancreatic duct shortly after injection using the Olympus OV100 Whole Mouse Imaging System. RESULTS: Five days after tumor cell injection in the common bile duct, tumor colonies could be imaged forming within the pancreatic duct. Metastases in the liver were imaged 14 days post common bile duct injection. By day 28, massive tumors were imaged encompassing the entire pancreas. By day 42, RFP-expressing metastases were imaged in the omentum and liver. CONCLUSION: Common bile duct injection is a novel technique for the development of fluorescent mouse models of metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in mice.

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been implicated as the etiological agent of some diseases, mainly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). The capsid (Cap) protein encoded by the PCV2 ORF2 gene may be an excellent candidate for vaccination. In this study, the Cap protein gene was amplified by PCR, and cloned into the transfer vector pShuttle-CMV. After co-transformation of PmeI-linearized recombinant plasmid pShuttle-CMV-ORF2 and the bone vector pAdEasy-1 into Escherichia coli bacteria strain BJ5183, recombinant plasmid containing Cap protein gene (pAd-ORF2) was obtained and identified with PCR. Upon transfection of PacI-linearized plasmid pAd-ORF2 in 293 cell line, a recombinant adenovirus was obtained and named as rAd-Cap with viral titer of 10(13.0) TCID(50)/ml. The expression of the Cap protein in the 293 cells infected with rAd-Cap was confirmed with specific antibody to PCV2 by Western blotting and IPMA. Mice were inoculated with 10(8), 10(10) and 10(12) TCID(50)/mouse of rAd-Cap and boosted 2 weeks later, and they could generate antibody against PCV2 detected by indirect ELISA, Western blot and neutralizing activity assay. It indicated that the rAd-Cap was able to express the capsid of PCV2 and could elicit immune responses against the PCV2 in mice. The recombinant adenovirus might be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing the disease associated with PCV2 infection.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

Dual-color-coded imaging of viable circulating prostate carcinoma cells reveals genetic exchange between tumor cells in vivo, contributing to highly metastatic phenotypes.

Color-coded imaging analysis revealed yellow fluorescent metastasis precursor cells that were readily recognized in the blood of tumor-bearing mice after mixtures of red fluorescent protein (RFP)- and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cells were implanted in the nude mouse prostate and metastasized. The yellow fluorescent cells were purified from the blood of nude mice to 99% homogeneity by FACS, expanded in culture, and reimplanted in the prostate of nude mice. The yellow fluorescent phenotype was heritable and stably maintained by tumor cells for many generations in vitro and in vivo. In the animals implanted with the yellow-fluorescing cells, 100% developed aggressive metastatic cancer. Lung metastases were demonstrated in 100% of the animals as early as four weeks after injection of the yellow-fluorescing cells in the mouse prostate. In contrast, when the GFP- and RFP-expressing parental cells were inoculated into the mouse prostate separately, none of the animals developed lung metastasis. All animals had almost exclusively yellow fluorescent cells in the blood and bone marrow. These results are consistent with the idea that spontaneous genetic exchange between tumor cells in vivo contributes to genomic instability and creation of highly metastatic cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Application of hydroxyapatite in micro-otosurgery: experiment with guinea pigs and clinical application].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of hydroxyapatite (HA) middle ear prostheses in otosurgery. METHODS: In the animal experiment HA prostheses were put in the bilateral bullae of the ears of 12 healthy white guinea pigs (totally 24 ears). Three guinea pigs were killed every month 1-4 months later. Morphological examination and electron microscopy were conducted to observe grafts. In the clinical experiment HA prostheses was used in ossiculoplasty in 31 cases, reconstruction of posterior wall of external auditory canal in 5 cases, and mastoid obliteration in 11 cases. RESULTS: The HA prostheses taken out from 23 ears of the guinea pigs were with normal and complete structure, and clear margin in gross anatomy and microscopically. Only one ear suffered infection. Follow-up or the patients for 1-4 years showed excellent healing of the operated parts and an improvement of hearing threshold by about 16 dBHL. CONCLUSION: Hydroxyapatite with excellent physical and chemical properties and biological tolerance HA is a good material in ossiculoplasty, canaloplasty, mastoid obliteration, and other otological operations.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Dual-color imaging of nuclear-cytoplasmic dynamics, viability, and proliferation of cancer cells in the portal vein area.

We used dual-color in vivo cellular imaging to visualize trafficking, nuclear-cytoplasmic dynamics, and the viability of cancer cells after their injection into the portal vein of mice. For these studies, we used dual-color fluorescent cancer cells that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked to histone H2B in the nucleus and retroviral red fluorescent protein (RFP) in the cytoplasm. Human HCT-116-GFP-RFP colon cancer and mouse mammary tumor (MMT) cells were HCT-116-GFP-RFP in the portal vein of nude mice. The cells were observed intravitally in the liver at the single-cell level using the Olympus OV100 whole-mouse imaging system. Most HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells remained in sinusoids near peripheral portal veins. Only a small fraction of the cancer cells invaded the lobular area. Extensive clasmocytosis (destruction of the cytoplasm) of the HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells occurred within 6 hours. The number of apoptotic cells rapidly increased within the portal vein within 12 hours of injection. Apoptosis was readily visualized in the dual-color cells by their altered nuclear morphology. The data suggest rapid death of HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells in the portal vein. In contrast, dual-color MMT-GFP-RFP cells injected into the portal vein mostly survived in the liver of nude mice 24 hours after injection. Many surviving MMT-GFP-RFP cells showed invasive figures with cytoplasmic protrusions. The cells grew aggressively and formed colonies in the liver. However, when the host mice were pretreated with cyclophosphamide, the HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells also survived and formed colonies in the liver after portal vein injection. These results suggest that a cyclophosphamide-sensitive host cellular system attacked the HCT-116-GFP-RFP cells but could not effectively kill the MMT-GFP-RFP cells.

Animals↗