Biomedical subjects

Predrag R Bakic

Publications and source records attributed to Predrag R Bakic.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Evaluation of a novel method of noise reduction using computer-simulated mammograms.

A novel method of noise reduction has been tested for mammography using computer-simulated images for which the truth is known exactly. This method is based on comparing two images. The images are compared at different scales, using a cross-correlation function as a measure of similarity to define the image modifications in the wavelet domain. The computer-simulated images were calculated for noise-free primary radiation using a quasi-realistic voxel phantom. Two images corresponding to slightly different geometry were produced. Gaussian noise was added with certain properties to simulate quantum noise. The added noise could be reduced by >70% using the proposed method without any noticeable corruption of the structures. It is possible to save 50% dose in mammography by producing two images (each 25% of the dose for a standard mammogram). Additionally, a reduction of the anatomical noise and, therefore, better detection rates of breast cancer in mammography are possible.

Artifacts↗

PubMed2003

Classification of galactograms with ramification matrices: preliminary results.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The poor specificity of galactography, the imaging modality generally indicated in cases of nipple discharge, has led to a large number of biopsies with negative results. A quantitative scheme for classifying galactographic findings might help reduce the number of such biopsies in the future. As a first step toward that goal, the authors have studied one quantitative method for describing the branching of ducts by using ramification matrices (R matrices), and the correlation of the values of the matrix elements with clinical findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ductal trees were manually segmented for 25 galactographic views from 15 patients, and corresponding R matrices were calculated. Patients were divided into two groups: those with no reported galactographic findings (NF) and those with reported findings (RF) of ductal ectasia, cysts, or papilloma. In a leave-one-out fashion, the authors evaluated a classification scheme that was based on R-matrix coefficients and used a Bayesian decision rule. The effects of segmentation were tested by successively removing each of the terminal ducts and computing the corresponding matrices of the pruned trees. RESULTS: With use of a single R-matrix element, 92% and 62% of NF and RF cases were correctly classified, respectively (P = .007). With use of two elements, 83% and 77% of NF and RF cases were correctly classified, but this result was not statistically significant (P = .108). In a test of robustness, an analysis of pruned trees yielded an average root-mean-square fractional difference of 9.7% between the elements of the original and the R matrix averaged over all pruned trees. CONCLUSION: The preliminary analysis indicates that it may be possible to identify cases with reported galactographic findings by using R matrices.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Mammogram synthesis using a three-dimensional simulation. III. Modeling and evaluation of the breast ductal network.

A method is proposed for realistic simulation of the breast ductal network as part of a computer three-dimensional (3-D) breast phantom. The ductal network is simulated using tree models. Synthetic trees are generated based upon a description of ductal branching by ramification matrices (R matrices), whose elements represent the probabilities of branching at various levels of a tree. We simulated the ductal network of the breast, consisting of multiple lobes, by random binary trees (RBT). Each lobe extends from the ampulla and consists of branching ductal segments of decreasing size, and the associated terminal ductal-lobular units. The lobes follow curved paths that project from the nipple toward the chest wall. We have evaluated the RBT model by comparing manually-traced ductal networks from 25 projections of ductal lobes in clinical galactograms and manually-traced networks from 23 projections of synthetic RBTs. A root-mean-square (rms) fractional error of 41%, between the R-matrix elements corresponding to clinical and synthetic images, was computed. This difference was influenced by projection and segmentation artifacts and by the limited number of available images. In addition, we analyzed 23 synthetic trees generated using R matrices computed from clinical images. A comparison of these synthetic and clinical images yielded a rms fractional error of 11%, suggesting the possibility that a more appropriate model of the ductal branching morphology may be developed. Rejection of the RBT model also suggests the existence of a relationship between ductal branching morphology and the state of mammary developmentand pathology.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

Effects of quantum noise and binocular summation on dose requirements in stereoradiography.

In the case of a quantum-noise limited detector, signal detection theory suggests that stereoradiographic images can be acquired with one half of the per-image dose needed for a standard radiographic projection, as information from the two stereo images can be combined. Previously, film-screen stereoradiography has been performed using the same per-image dose as in projection radiography, i.e., doubling the total dose. In this paper, the assumption of a possible decrease in dose for stereoradiography was tested by a series of contrast-detail experiments, using phantom images acquired over a range of exposures. The number of visible details, the effective reduction of the dose, and the effective decrease in the threshold signal-to-noise ratio were determined using human observers under several display and viewing conditions. These results were averaged over five observers and compared with multiple readings by a single observer and with the results of an additional observer with limited stereoscopic acuity. Experimental results show that the total dose needed to produce a stereoradiographic image pair is approximately 1.1 times the dose needed for a single projection in standard radiography, indicating that under these conditions the human visual system demonstrates almost ideal binocular summation.

Depth Perception↗

PubMed2002

Aliasing effects in digital images of line-pair phantoms.

Line-pair phantoms are commonly used for evaluating screen-film systems. When imaged digitally, aliasing effects give rise to additional periodic patterns. This paper examines one such effect that medical physicists are likely to encounter, and which can be used as an indicator of super-resolution.

Artifacts↗

PubMed2002

Mammogram synthesis using a 3D simulation. I. Breast tissue model and image acquisition simulation.

A method is proposed for generating synthetic mammograms based upon simulations of breast tissue and the mammographic imaging process. A computer breast model has been designed with a realistic distribution of large and medium scale tissue structures. Parameters controlling the size and placement of simulated structures (adipose compartments and ducts) provide a method for consistently modeling images of the same simulated breast with modified position or acquisition parameters. The mammographic imaging process is simulated using a compression model and a model of the x-ray image acquisition process. The compression model estimates breast deformation using tissue elasticity parameters found in the literature and clinical force values. The synthetic mammograms were generated by a mammogram acquisition model using a monoenergetic parallel beam approximation applied to the synthetically compressed breast phantom.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2002

Mammogram synthesis using a 3D simulation. II. Evaluation of synthetic mammogram texture.

We have evaluated a method for synthesizing mammograms by comparing the texture of clinical and synthetic mammograms. The synthesis algorithm is based upon simulations of breast tissue and the mammographic imaging process. Mammogram texture was synthesized by projections of simulated adipose tissue compartments. It was hypothesized that the synthetic and clinical texture have similar properties, assuming that the mammogram texture reflects the 3D tissue distribution. The size of the projected compartments was computed by mathematical morphology. The texture energy and fractal dimension were also computed and analyzed in terms of the distribution of texture features within four different tissue regions in clinical and synthetic mammograms. Comparison of the cumulative distributions of the mean features computed from 95 mammograms showed that the synthetic images simulate the mean features of the texture of clinical mammograms. Correlation of clinical and synthetic texture feature histograms, averaged over all images, showed that the synthetic images can simulate the range of features seen over a large group of mammograms. The best agreement with clinical texture was achieved for simulated compartments with radii of 4-13.3 mm in predominantly adipose tissue regions, and radii of 2.7-5.33 and 1.3-2.7 mm in retroareolar and dense fibroglandular tissue regions, respectively.

Adipose Tissue↗