PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

Purnomo

Publications and source records attributed to Purnomo.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Age-dependent acquired protection against Plasmodium falciparum in people having two years exposure to hyperendemic malaria.

An epidemiologic study of susceptibility to frequent and high-grade parasitemia by Plasmodium falciparum revealed that age-dependent acquired protection developed within a two-year period of exposure to hyperendemic infection pressure. The study was conducted in a single village in northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia, where half the residents were native to the province and the other half were transmigrants from areas of Java, where there is little or no malaria transmission. Five separate measures of susceptibility to the asexual parasitemia of falciparum malaria were derived from results of four months of biweekly surveillance of 240 volunteers. Increasing protection as a function of age among the Javanese was a consistent pattern among the five estimates of susceptibility. These age-dependent functions of protection were quantitatively parallel to those among life-long residents of Irian Jaya. When humoral immune responsiveness to ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) was measured by ELISA, a similar pattern emerged; the relative level of antibody to RESA increased as parallel functions of age among the two subpopulations. Acquired protective immunity against P. falciparum was not the cumulative product of many years of heavy exposure to antigen. Instead, the full benefit of protection appeared to develop quickly. The degree of protection was governed by recent exposure and age, independent of history of chronic heavy exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Ivermectin inhibits molting of Wuchereria bancrofti third stage larvae in vitro.

The effect of ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on Wuchereria bancrofti molting from the third to the fourth larval stage (L3 to L4) was evaluated in vitro. L3 larvae were harvested from laboratory-reared Aedes togoi 2 wk after feeding upon a microfilaremic human volunteer. The larvae were kept in an artificial medium (Franke's NI medium) with 10% human serum under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 20 days. Experimental tubes also contained ivermectin (0.1-1,000 ng/ml) or DEC (0.1-10,000 ng/ml). An estimated concentration of 50 ng/ml ivermectin inhibited molting in 50% of the larvae expected to molt. For DEC, this value was roughly 1,000 ng/ml. In this in vitro culture system, ivermectin inhibited the L3 to L4 molt of W. bancrofti and was roughly 20-fold more potent in this activity than DEC.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cultivation of sexually mature Brugia malayi in vitro.

Sexually mature male and female Brugia malayi were developed from third stage larvae after 60 days in the in vitro culture system described by Franke and others in 1987 (Am J Trop Med Hyg 37: 370-375). Between 75 and 100 days in culture, many worms produced living microfilariae. Each gravid female produced 200-1,500 microfilariae/day.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Plasmodium ovale in Indonesia.

We report 34 infections by Plasmodium ovale found among 15,806 blood film examinations taken between 1973 and 1989 from several sites in Indonesia. Twenty five of the P. ovale infections occurred in a single sample of 514 people living in Owi, Irian Jaya. We detected five additional infections at 3 other sites in Irian Jaya. Other infections by P. ovale occurred at two sites in West Flores. Another infection has already been reported from East Timor. Despite relatively frequent sampling of populations on Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Sulawesi, P. ovale has not been found on those islands. It appears that this parasite occurs only on the easternmost islands of the Indonesian archipelago where it is nonetheless a rare finding.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Circulating antibodies and antigens in Presbytis monkeys infected with the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti.

Levels of circulating filarial antigen, and humoral antibody to other defined antigenic targets, were measured over the course of experimental infection of three Presbytis cristatus monkeys with Wuchereria bancrofti. Circulating antigen levels, measured with an anti-phosphorylcholine monoclonal antibody, varied widely although all animals were positive for some period of the infection. Circulating antigen levels tended to be inversely related to the titre of anti-phosphorylcholine antibody, and this trend was maintained even following acid dissociation and inactivation of immune complexed host antibody. Other antibody specificities were measured by Western blotting against somatic proteins and immunoprecipitation of surface antigens. Amongst somatic antigens, targets between 14,000 and 200,000 daltons were recognised by monkey antibodies, but no correlation with infection status could be discerned. Likewise when measuring the response to the 29,000 dalton major adult surface glycoprotein, one animal produced a rapid response but the others did not recognise it until late in infection. In general, the experimental findings are characterised by wide variability between individuals, as may perhaps be expected in a primate host for a human spectral disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Periodicity studies of Brugia malayi in Indonesia: recent findings and a modified classification of the parasite.

We have recently reinvestigated the position of Brugia malayi in Indonesia. Periodicity patterns of microfilariae from several endemic areas were mathematically determined. We have also designed a simple method to quantify microfilaria periodicities in these studies. To determine whether periodicity patterns of microfilariae were stable, repeated studies were performed in the same individual or community. Other biological features of the parasite were also investigated. The parasite from each isolate was taxonomically identified as B. malayi. It could be classified into two distinct biological types, one nocturnally periodic and the other aperiodic, nocturnally subperiodic, or nocturnally periodic. We therefore propose to modify Wilson's classification, using the biological behaviour of the parasite in animals as the discriminating feature, and classify the two types as zoophilic and anthropophilic B. malayi.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Nasal leech infestation of man.

We present a case in a male patient from Indonesia of nasal leech infestation by Dinobdella ferox that had gone unnoticed for at least three months. The possibility of leech endoparasitism should not be overlooked in people presenting with epistaxis or hemoptysis and a history of recent contact with fresh water lakes or streams in tropical regions.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Secreted and surface antigens from larval stages of Wuchereria bancrofti, the major human lymphatic filarial parasite.

Antigenic proteins of microfilariae and infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti have been identified by intrinsic and extrinsic radiolabelling, and specific immunoprecipitation with sera from filarial patients. From 125I surface-labelling experiments, the most prominent antigen on both stages is of relative molecular mass (Mr) 17 000, while a molecule of similar size is both synthesized and released in vitro following labelling with [35S]methionine. A second similarity between the two stages is the production and secretion of a Mr 21 000 component, which is, however, not detected on the worm surfaces. A series of additional proteins from larval W. bancrofti are described from each parasite compartment (secreted, surface and somatic) and the antigenicity and specificity of these components explored with serum from patients with filariasis due to W. bancrofti or Brugia species, and with onchocerciasis. Among additional molecules released in vitro we have found a Mr 51 000 antigen from both stages, and also several proteins which are not recognised by antibody from human filarial patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Antigenic characterization of adult Wuchereria bancrofti filarial nematodes.

Adult Wuchereria bancrofti were recovered from infected Presbytis cristatus monkeys and radio-isotope labelled extrinsically with 125I and in vitro with [35S]methionine. 125I labelling of the surface of adult W. bancrofti permitted a comparison between the major surface antigens of this species and those from the related lymphatic filariae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi. All species bear a prominent Mr 29,000 surface antigen but among the differences observed were the strongly labelled molecules with Mr 58,000 and 67,000 in W. bancrofti which are extremely faint in the Brugia species. The [35S]methionine label was effectively incorporated into somatic parasite proteins in vitro although it was not possible to identify any secreted proteins in this way. The antigenicity of these products was investigated using a variety of sera from homologous and heterologous infections and the immunoprecipitation patterns highlighted particular differences between somatic proteins of male and female worms. One secreted antigen was detected, however, by virtue of its phosphorylcholine epitopes, in the culture medium of mixed adult worms; medium from male W. bancrofti adults was negative although homogenates of either sex of adult W. bancrofti were strongly positive in the same system.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The domestic cat as a host for Brugian filariasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

Three hundred and twenty-five domestic cats (Felis catus) from six villages of the Hulu Sungai Tengah and Banjar Regency of South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia, were examined for filarial nematodes. Parasites were found in 66 cats, of which 61 (92.4%) had Brugia pahangi, four (6.1%) has B. malayi and one (1.5%) had Dirofilaria repens. Infection rates ranged from 11% to 22% in cats from secondary forest/rice-field habitats, from 15% to 30% in open village/rice-field habitats, to 50% in an open coastal village. In all cases the infection rate of B. malayi in man was greater than in cats from the same collecting area. The number of B. pahangi microfilariae per 20 microliter cat blood ranged from 34 at 1000 hours to 571 at 2200 hours. The results of this study suggest that in this region of Indonesia the domestic cat is not an important host for maintaining B. malayi.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Combined low dosage and short term standard dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine to control Timorian filariasis.

A combined weekly low dosage and short term standard dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) to control Timorian filariasis is described. Weekly low dosage DEC was distributed by the village chief to all villagers for 6 months. The dosage of DEC was 50 mg weekly for group A, and 100 mg for group B. Children below 10 years of age received half the adult dose. Following the initial phase of low dosage treatment, 5 mg DEC/kg was distributed by one of us to all villagers for 6 consecutive days. The results of treatment were evaluated approximately one year later. There was no difference between the results of treatment with 50 mg DEC weekly compared to the 100 mg dosage. The microfilaria, adenolymphangitis and lymphoedema rates decreased drastically in both groups, similar to the results of our previous studies. Side reactions during low dosage and standard dose treatment of DEC were characteristically mild.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Adverse reactions to a single dose of diethylcarbamazine in patients with Brugia malayi infection in Riau Province, West Indonesia.

A study on the adverse reactions, occurring after treating microfilaremic patients infected with B. malayi, revealed that all reacted to a single oral dose of DEC (5 mg/kg). The major reactions were fever, headache, anorexia, abdominal pain, muscle and joint pains, nausea and vomiting. There seemed to be no association between the time of fever onset and microfilarial density, but the number of cases observed was too small to make any firm conclusion. There was a tendency for more severe reactions to occur in patients with higher microfilaria counts. Local reactions, probably due to destruction of adult worms, were seen in 3 patients. The reactions were serious enough to necessitate the patients spending approximately 48 hours in bed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Prolonged incubation improves the micro-scale in-vitro test for drug sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum.

In the standard micro-scale in-vitro test for detecting resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, isolates are incubated for 24-28 h in medium that does not contain serum. The effect of prolonging incubation to 48 h and of adding human AB serum to the culture medium of P falciparum from Irian Jaya, Indonesia was studied. Addition of serum was not associated with any advantages or disadvantages. Production of schizonts was increased when incubation was prolonged. This facilitated reading of the malaria smears and interpretation of the results. The percentage of successful tests (greater than or equal to 20 schizonts/200 asexual parasites in control wells) increased from 31% at 28 h incubation to 94% at 48 h. Among the 7 (44%) isolates which were chloroquine-resistant in vivo, only 1 met the criteria for a positive test at 28 h incubation, but at 48 h all 7 did. To achieve optimum results from the micro-scale in-vitro test in Jayapura, Irian Jaya, isolates should be incubated for 48 h.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Low dosage diethylcarbamazine administered by villagers for the control of timorian filariasis.

The results of mass treatment using low dosage diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in three small villages in West Flores, Indonesia, endemic for Brugia timori are described. DEC was distributed on a weekly basis by motivated persons in the community to nearly all villagers for 18 months. An educational programme was developed which focused on describing the relationship between microfilaraemia, vector and disease manifestations, the danger of repeated attacks of adenolymphangitis, and the efficiency of DEC in eliminating the parasites and attacks. During the consolidation phase motivated persons were assigned to treat promptly all cases with acute filariasis and to distribute DEC to all new residents. With this programme the microfilaria rates decreased to very low levels, even as detected by the use of membrane filtration techniques. The adenolymphangitis rates also decreased. An unexpected bonus was the cure of "elephantiasis" in many people. Mild side effects attributed to DEC were encountered only during the first few weeks of treatment.

Brugia↗
PubMed1984

Absence of malaria mortality in villagers with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum treated with chloroquine.

We carried out a series of malaria studies in Robek , Flores, Indonesia, a coastal village of 900 farmers and fishermen where malaria is hyperendemic by parasite rate and holoendemic by spleen rate. The studies showed that: (i) 28 of 31 isolates (90%) of Plasmodium falciparum were resistant to chloroquine in vitro, (ii) 3 of 12 isolates (25%) were resistant at the R-11 level in vivo, (iii) 376 P. falciparum infections occurred in 301 individuals during one year, (iv) no villagers who were treated with chloroquine for P. falciparum infections during the year died, and (v) increasing the dosage of chloroquine base from 15 to 25 to 37.5 mg/kg led to improved clearing of parasitaemia. We conclude that chloroquine can still be used as the primary antimalarial in Robek , but the dosage may have to be increased to clear parasitaemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Human intestinal parasitism in three areas of Indonesia: a survey.

Stools from 1387 people were examined quantitatively for eggs of nematode parasites. The people were residents of Padangganting, near Sawahlunto, Sumatra (227 people), Sukamaju and Cibungur rubber plantations near Sukabumi, Java (831 people) and the villages of Mahima and Rabo near Reo, Manggarai, Flores (329 people). Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Necator americanus were common; Ancylostoma was not observed. Prevalence of parasitism was highest in Java and lowest in Flores. Egg counts were low, suggesting low worm burdens; intensity of infection with Ascaris and Trichuris was highest in Java, while hookworm was highest in Sumatra. Ascaris infections decreased and hookworm infections increased in prevalence and intensity with age; Trichuris was unaffected. A sex-related difference was observed only in Sumatra, where more females than males were infected with Ascaris. Village-to-village variation in prevalence of nematode infestation was observed in Flores and on the Sukamaju plantation; the topography of other areas did not allow for village comparisons. Ad hoc anthelmintic treatment of the residents of Cibungur plantation was reflected in reduced parasitism by Ascaris and Trichuris, but not hookworm, compared with neighbouring Sukamaju. Comparison of the patterns of disease in the three areas, in terms of the occurrence of single, double or triple infections, revealed marked differences. In Java most people with parasitism had triple infections. In Sumatra the most common expression of parasitism was single infection with hookworm. In Flores single infection with Ascaris prevailed. It is suggested that the clinical effects of intestinal parasitism might depend on the pattern of infection. Samples collected in Flores were also examined for protozoa which were found in about half the population; Entamoeba coli and E. histolytica were most common.

Adolescent↗