Treatment of severe therapy-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease with human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
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Adipose Tissue↗
Biomedical subjects
Q Han
Publications and source records attributed to Q Han.
Enhanced immunogenicity and antitumour effects with heterologous prime-boost regime using vaccines based on MG7-Ag mimotope of gastric cancer.
MG7-Ag, gastric cancer-associated antigen, has been shown to be immunogenic and has been used as marker molecule for prognosis. In a previous study, we developed an oral DNA vaccine based on MG7-Ag mimotope. However, we failed to detect cellular immune response using the oral MG7-Ag mimotope DNA vaccine. To induce significant T cell response, we developed a recombinant adenovirus vaccine based on MG7-Ag mimotope and evaluated the efficacy and protective effects of heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol with an oral DNA vaccine previously developed. We found that both vaccines were able to elicit a significant humoral response against MG7-Ag, while the highest serum titre MG7 antibody was detected in mice immunized with the heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay demonstrated that the heterologous prime-boost immunization strategy was more efficient in inducing T cell response than the homologous prime-boost strategy. In the tumour challenge assay, 2 of 5 mice immunized with the heterologous prime-boost protocol were tumour free, while none of the mice in homologous prime-boost groups or control groups was tumour free. Those tumour-bearing mice in the heterologous prime-boost regime had smaller tumour masses than their counterparts in the homologous prime-boost groups or control groups. Therefore, our study suggests that vaccines against MG7-Ag induce significant immune response against gastric cancer, and that the heterologous prime-boost protocol using different types of vaccines could achieve better protective effect than the homologous prime-boost protocol.
Adenoviridae↗
Identification and molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase involved in Aedes aegypti chorion melanization.
Chorion melanization is a vital biochemical event for the survival of mosquito eggs in the environment. This study describes the identification and molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase (proPO) involved in chorion melanization in Aedes aegypti by various biochemical and molecular techniques. Results revealed that transcription of the chorion proPO occurs only in adults, blood feeding greatly stimulated its transcription and haemocytes are responsible for its transcription. Our study provides a solid basis for suggesting an essential role of the isolated proPO in chorion melanization during chorion hardening and also raises fundamental questions regarding its transportation and distribution in the chorion. This study should serve as a useful reference towards functional elucidation of other proPOs in mosquitoes.
Aedes↗
Analysis of the wild-type and mutant genes encoding the enzyme kynurenine monooxygenase of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) catalyses the hydroxylation of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine. KMO has a key role in tryptophan catabolism and synthesis of ommochrome pigments in mosquitoes. The gene encoding this enzyme in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is called kynurenine hydroxylase (kh) and a mutant allele that produces white eyes has been designated khw. A number of cDNA clones representative of wild-type and mutant genes were isolated. Sequence analyses of the wild-type and mutant cDNAs revealed a deletion of 162 nucleotides in the mutant gene near the 3'-end of the deduced coding region. RT-PCR analyses confirm the transcription of a truncated mRNA in the mutant strain. The in-frame deletion results in a loss of 54 amino acids, which disrupts a major alpha-helix and which probably accounts for the loss of activity of the enzyme. Recombinant Ae. aegypti KMO showed high substrate specificity for kynurenine with optimum activity at 40 degrees C and pH = 7.5. Kinetic parameters and inhibition of KMO activity by Cl- and pyridoxal-5-phosphate were determined.
Aedes↗
Isolation, characterization, and functional expression of kynurenine aminotransferase cDNA from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti(1).
This study describes the molecular and biochemical characterization of kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Through screening an A. aegypti larval cDNA library, a 1695-bp full-length cDNA clone with a 1434-bp open reading frame (ORF) was isolated. Its deduced amino acid sequence consists of 477 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 53,490 and the amino acid sequence shares 47 and 42% identity with KATs from Homo sapiens and Rattus norvegicus, respectively. This putative A. aegypti KAT (AeKAT) has four potential N-glycosylation sites (Asn-Xxx-Trp/Ser) and a typical mitochondrial leader sequence consisting of 49 amino acids at its NH(2)-terminus with a putative cleavage site between Met-49 and Ser-50. A consensus pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) binding domain (Gly-Ser-Ala-Gly-Lys-Thr-Phe-Ser) is present in the central region of the ORF. Using a baculovirus/insect cell expression system, a full-length AeKAT and a truncated AeKAT, lacking the mitochondrial leader sequence, were expressed. The full-length AeKAT expressed in Sf9 insect cells is insoluble and has no detectable KAT activity, but the truncated AeKAT is soluble and capable of catalyzing the transamination of kynurenine to kynurenic acid in the presence of pyruvate as an amino group acceptor. However, the expressed truncated protein is not active to 3-hydroxykynurenine. Northern analysis indicates that transcription of the AeKAT occurs at all stages during mosquito development, but higher levels of mRNA are observed during the pupal and adult stages. Results indicate that a specific KAT is present in mosquitoes and the enzyme may play an important physiological role in A. aegypti.
Aedes↗
Phylogenetic relationships among strains of the entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi, as revealed by partial beta-tubulin sequences and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis.
AIMS: To elucidate the phyletic relationships among three members of the entomogenous fungal genus, Nomuraea, with an emphasis on N. rileyi. METHODS AND RESULTS: Relationships were evaluated by analysis of the beta-tubulin gene and of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). The amplification product of the partial beta-tubulin gene was larger for N. atypicola than for N. rileyi, and sequencing of this gene fragment confirmed that N. atypicola possesses approximately 25 more nucleotides than N. rileyi and N. anemonoides. Based on neighbor joining and bootstrap analysis of the partial beta-tubulin gene, N. atypicola failed to form a monophyletic grouping with the other two species of Nomuraea. In contrast, the single isolate of N. anemonoides clustered with the N. rileyi isolates, and both taxa grouped with Epichloe typhina (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). Results from this study suggested that N. rileyi and N. anemonoides are closely related to the Clavicipitaceae. In contrast, evidence indicated that N. atypicola is not closely related to this family, and that this taxon is not a Nomuraea. Based on the 83 polymorphic loci of ISSR, it was observed that isolates of N. rileyi from diverse geographical origins were distinctly different from both N. atypicola and N. anemonoides. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in the 18 isolates of N. rileyi tested, and several clusters contained isolates from disparate geographical locations and hosts. However, three isolates from the Philippines (three host species) and three strains isolated from velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) larvae in South America did cluster together. Two other strains from Brazil (isolated from Spodoptera spp.) were distinct from the velvetbean caterpillar isolates from South America. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The beta-tubulin gene was generally too conserved to resolve intraspecies variability. However, ISSR did identify polymorphisms among the isolates of N. rileyi tested. The results of this study indicate that ISSR may be used as robust molecular markers for studying the population genetics of this entomopathogenic fungus.
Mitosporic Fungi↗
Kynurenine aminotransferase and glutamine transaminase K of Escherichia coli: identity with aspartate aminotransferase.
The present study describes the isolation of a protein from Escherichia coli possessing kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) activity and its identification as aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT). KAT catalyses the transamination of kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine to kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid respectively, and the enzyme activity can be easily detected in E. coli cells. Separation of the E. coli protein possessing KAT activity through various chromatographic steps led to the isolation of the enzyme. N-terminal sequencing of the purified protein determined its first 10 N-terminal amino acid residues, which were identical with those of the E. coli AspAT. Recombinant AspAT (R-AspAT), homologously expressed in an E. coli/pET22b expression system, was capable of catalysing the transamination of both l-kynurenine (K(m)=3 mM; V(max)=7.9 micromol.min(-1).mg(-1)) and 3-hydroxy-dl-kynurenine (K(m)=3.7 mM; V(max)=1.25 micromol.min(-1).mg(-1)) in the presence of pyruvate as an amino acceptor, and exhibited its maximum activity at temperatures between 50-60 degrees C and at a pH of approx. 7.0. Like mammalian KATs, R-AspAT also displayed high glutamine transaminase K activity when l-phenylalanine was used as an amino donor (K(m)=8 mM; V(max)=20.6 micromol.min(-1).mg(-1)). The exact match of the first ten N-terminal amino acid residues of the KAT-active protein with that of AspAT, in conjunction with the high KAT activity of R-AspAT, provides convincing evidence that the identity of the E. coli protein is AspAT.
Aspartate Aminotransferases↗
Alpha(v) integrin, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and urokinase plasminogen activator are functionally linked in invasive breast cancer cells.
We reported previously that endogenous p38 MAPK activity is elevated in invasive breast cancer cells and that constitutive p38 MAPK activity is important for overproduction of uPA in these cells (Huang, S., New, L., Pan, Z., Han, J., and Nemerow, G. R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12266-12272). However, it is unclear how elevated endogenous p38 MAPK activity is maintained in invasive breast cancer cells. In the present study, we found that blocking alpha(v) integrin functionality with a function-blocking monoclonal antibody or down-regulating alpha(v) integrin expression with alpha(v)-specific antisense oligonucleotides significantly decreased the levels of active p38 MAPK and inhibited cell-associated uPA expression in invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggest a function link between alpha(v) integrin, p38 MAPK activity, and uPA expression in invasive tumor cells. We also found that vitronectin/alpha(v) integrin ligation specifically induced p38 MAPK activation and uPA up-regulation in invasive MDA-MB-231 cells but not in non-invasive MCF7 cells. Finally, using a panel of melanoma cells, we demonstrated that the cytoplasmic tail of alpha(v) integrin subunit is required for alpha(v) integrin ligation-induced p38 MAPK activation.
Antigens, CD↗
Effects of phosphocreatine on apoptosis in a cell-free system.
The characteristic morphological and biochemical changes during caspase-mediated apoptosis can be reproduced to a large extent in a Xenopus laevis egg extract cell-free system by addition of mouse liver nuclei and exogenous cytochrome c. We show that in this system phosphocreatine accelerated the apoptotic morphological changes of the nuclei, but selectively inhibited DNA fragmentation. Western blot showed that the degradation of lamins A and C is accelerated, which is possibly responsible for the nuclear changes during cell apoptosis. However, the degradation of ICAD/DFF45-like protein in the egg extracts is inhibited in a time-dependent manner. Exogenous creatine, ATP, and several organic acids have no effect on DNA fragmentation, excluding the possibility that creatine, ATP, or acidic conditions resulting from phosphocreatine are responsible for inhibiting DNA fragmentation. Lithium chloride, a kinase inhibitor, can overcome the phosphocreatine effects and can restore DNA fragmentation. Our results indicate that phosphocreatine protects ICAD/DFF45-like protein from proteolysis, probably through kinase actions, resulting in its resistance to caspase cleavage and leading to an inhibition of DNA fragmentation.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Synergy between methionine stress and chemotherapy in the treatment of brain tumor xenografts in athymic mice.
This study describes a novel approach to the treatment of brain tumors with the combination of recombinant L-methionine-alpha-deamino-gamma-lyase and chemotherapeutic regimens that are currently used against such tumors. The growth of Daoy, SWB77, and D-54 xenografts in athymic mice was arrested after the depletion of mouse plasma methionine (MET) with a combination of a MET- and choline-free diet and recombinant L-methionine-alpha-deamino-gamma-lyase. The treated tumor-bearing mice were rescued from the toxic effects of MET withdrawal with daily i.p. homocystine. This regimen suppressed plasma MET to levels below 5 microM for several days, with no treatment-related deaths. MET depletion for 10-12 days induced mitotic and cell cycle arrest, apoptotic death, and widespread necrosis in tumors but did not prevent tumor regrowth after cessation of the regimen. However, when a single dose of 35 mg/m(2) of N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU), which was otherwise ineffective as a single therapy in any of the tumors tested, was given at the end of the MET depletion regimen, a more than 80-day growth delay was observed for Daoy and D-54, whereas the growth of SWB77 was delayed by 20 days. MET-depleting regimens also trebled the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) against SWB77 when TMZ was given to animals as a single dose of 180 mg/m(2) at the end of a 10-day period of MET depletion. The enhanced responses of both Daoy and SWB77 to DNA alkylating agents such as BCNU and TMZ could be attributed to the down-regulation of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity. However, the synergy of MET depletion and BCNU observed with D-54 tumors, which do not express measurable O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase protein, is probably mediated by a different mechanism. MET depletion specifically sensitizes tumors to alkylating agents and does not significantly lower the toxicity of either BCNU or TMZ for the host. In this regard, the combination approach of MET depletion and genotoxic chemotherapy demonstrates significant promise for clinical evaluation.
Animals↗
[A survey on blood lipid levels among newborns and healthy inhabitants in urban Shanghai from 1997 to 1999].
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the blood lipid levels among inhabitants of different ages in urban Shanghai by the end of 1990 and compare the results with those in 1970 s and 1980 s. METHODS: Venous blood samples were collected from 3647 persons undergoing annual health examination, including workers and staff members, employees, functionaries, and students of factories, governmental organizations, institutions, enterprises, and schools. Umbilical blood samples were collected from 88 newborns. Serum TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were determined. RESULTS: 3647 blood samples were collected in total. It is found that: (1) The levels of blood lipids increased along with the age. The levels of TC and LDL-C among females over their fifty were higher that those among the males in the same age groups. The level of TG among females over fifty was similar to that among the males in the same age groups. The levels of LDL-C were higher in families in all of the age groups than those in the males of the same ages. (2) In comparison to those in 1970 s the levels of TC and TG in 1990 s were significantly higher by 6.79% - 17.69% and 21.95% - 45.53% respectively, and the level of HDL-C decreased by 8.02% - 29.19%. (3) The percentage of persons over forty with their TC levels over the upper normal limit was much larger in 1990 s than in 1970 s (for TC 11.57% vs. 4.40% among males and 16.02% vs. 5.40% among females, for TG 21.83% vs. 5.20% among males and 13.32% vs. 5.70% among females). and (4) The percentage of persons with their TC/HDL-C >or= 4 and TG >or= 1.70 mmol/L was much larger among persons over forty than among persons under forty (20.74% vs. 10.99% among males and 13.32% vs. 2.05% among females). CONCLUSION: The mean serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels increased and the HDL-C level decreased significantly among healthy inhabitants in urban Shanghai in 1990 s. Along with the rise of living standards of people, their mean lipid level increases too. Nutrition education is necessary.
Adolescent↗
Synthesis and SAR of benzamidine factor Xa inhibitors containing a vicinally-substituted heterocyclic core.
The selective inhibition of coagulation factor Xa has emerged as an attractive strategy for the discovery of novel antithrombotic agents. Here we describe highly potent benzamidine factor Xa inhibitors based on a vicinally-substituted heterocyclic core.
Animals↗
[Vitrectomy and photocoagulation for treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy].
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of vitreous surgery and photocoagulation for treatment of a series of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR). METHODS: A consecutive series of PDR treated with vitrectomy and photocoagulation during February 1997 to May 2000 was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The series included 79 cases (38 male and 41 female) and 104 eyes [oculus dexter(OD), 26; oculus sinister(OS), 28; oculus uterque(OU), 25] with diabetic history for 0.5-37 (8.5 +/- 6.5) years and eye symptoms for 15 days to 1.5 years (1.5 +/- 1.5 years). Retinal photocoagulation was performed in 30 eyes with only once in 26 eyes before vitrectomy. Surgical techniques included standard vitrectomy, neovascular membrane peeling and fragmentation, endo--diathermy and endolaser. Silicone oil was injected in 59 eyes with active bleeding, retinal detachment, or severe ischemia. Cataract extraction was done in 63 eyes, of which 27 eyes with intraocular lens implantation. Visual acuity was light perception(LP), hand movement(HM), count fingers(CF), and > or = 0.02 in 15, 38, 22, and 29 eyes, respectively before operation. Visual improvement achieved in 84 eyes (80.8%) with > or = 0.1 in 41 eyes (39.4%). Visual acuity remained unchanged or decreased in 20 eyes (20.2%). Neovascular glaucoma occurred in two eyes after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Although the series of patients with PDR without sufficient retinal photocoagulation before operation, vitrectomy and endolaser improved the visual outcome in the majority of eyes. Silicone oil injected in eyes with severe ischemia, active bleeding or retinal detachment may provide chance for prompt laser coagulation after surgery in order to prevent progression of PDR.
Adult↗
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of potent and selective amidino bicyclic factor Xa inhibitors.
Thrombotic diseases are a major cause of death and morbidity. Factor Xa (fXa) plays a vital role in the regulation of normal homeostasis and abnormal intravascular thrombus development in the blood coagulation cascade. A novel series of fXa inhibitors incorporating an amidino 6,5-fused bicyclic moiety at the P1 position has been designed and synthesized based on molecular modeling studies. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have led to selective subnanomolar fXa inhibitors. The most potent fXa inhibitor in this series (72, SE170) has a potent inhibition constant (K(i) = 0.3 nM), is 350-fold selective for fXa over trypsin, and also shows good in vivo efficacy in a rabbit arterio-venous thrombosis model (ID(50) = 0.14 micromol/kg/h). An X-ray crystal structure of 72 complexed to bovine trypsin was completed, and a binding mode of 72 with fXa has been proposed based on modeling with human des-Gla-fXa.
Amidines↗
Chorion peroxidase-mediated NADH/O(2) oxidoreduction cooperated by chorion malate dehydrogenase-catalyzed NADH production: a feasible pathway leading to H(2)O(2) formation during chorion hardening in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
A specific chorion peroxidase is present in Aedes aegypti and this enzyme is responsible for catalyzing chorion protein cross-linking through dityrosine formation during chorion hardening. Peroxidase-mediated dityrosine cross-linking requires H(2)O(2), and this study discusses the possible involvement of the chorion peroxidase in H(2)O(2) formation by mediating NADH/O(2) oxidoreduction during chorion hardening in A. aegypti eggs. Our data show that mosquito chorion peroxidase is able to catalyze pH-dependent NADH oxidation, which is enhanced in the presence of Mn(2+). Molecular oxygen is the electron acceptor during peroxidase-catalyzed NADH oxidation, and reduction of O(2) leads to the production of H(2)O(2), demonstrated by the formation of dityrosine in a NADH/peroxidase reaction mixture following addition of tyrosine. An oxidoreductase capable of catalyzing malate/NAD(+) oxidoreduction is also present in the egg chorion of A. aegypti. The cooperative roles of chorion malate/NAD(+)oxidoreductase and chorion peroxidase on generating H(2)O(2) with NAD(+) and malate as initial substrates were demonstrated by the production of dityrosine after addition of tyrosine to a reaction mixture containing NAD(+) and malate in the presence of both malate dehydrogenase fractions and purified chorion peroxidase. Data suggest that chorion peroxidase-mediated NADH/O(2) oxidoreduction may contribute to the formation of the H(2)O(2) required for chorion protein cross-linking mediated by the same peroxidase, and that the chorion associated malate dehydrogenase may be responsible for the supply of NADH for the H(2)O(2) production.
Aedes↗
The study of crystallization of estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with DHEA and DHT at elevated temperature.
Most crystallization experiments of macromolecules are carried out at a constant temperature. Room temperature (22 degrees C) and 4 degrees C are the most widely used settings in crystallization. In practice, crystal growth at relatively high temperatures has often been avoided for macromolecular crystallization. Human estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been crystallized in complex with dehydroepiandrosterone or dihydrotestosterone. The crystallization experiments were carried out at 27 degrees C. The 17beta-HSD1 crystals were greatly improved at the elevated temperature. The effects of higher temperatures on crystal growth were studied. High temperatures stimulated the nucleation of 17beta-HSD1, increased the rate of crystal growth, and higher occupancy of substrates was obtained in the crystal structure. This method also reduced the formation of twin crystals. Since temperature is the easiest factor to control in the laboratory, crystallization at elevated temperatures provides an efficient method to improve protein crystal growth. The mechanism of the effect of temperature and relative techniques are discussed.
17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
Crystal structure of human grancalcin, a member of the penta-EF-hand protein family.
Grancalcin is a Ca(2+)-binding protein expressed at high level in neutrophils. It belongs to the PEF family, proteins containing five EF-hand motifs and which are known to associate with membranes in Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Prototypic members of this family are Ca(2+)-binding domains of calpain. Our recent finding that grancalcin interacts with L-plastin, a protein known to have actin bundling activity, suggests that grancalcin may play a role in regulation of adherence and migration of neutrophils. The structure of human grancalcin has been determined at 1.9 A resolution in the absence of calcium (R-factor of 0.212 and R-free of 0.249) and at 2. 5 A resolution in the presence of calcium (R-factor of 0.226 and R-free of 0.281). The molecule is predominantly alpha-helical: it contains eight alpha-helices and only two short stretches of two-stranded beta-sheets between the loops of paired EF-hands. Grancalcin forms dimers through the association of the unpaired EF5 hands in a manner similar to that observed in calpain, confirming this mode of association as a paradigm for the PEF family. Only one Ca(2+) was found per dimer under crystallization conditions that included CaCl(2). This cation binds to EF3 in one molecule, while this site in the second molecule of the dimer is unoccupied. This unoccupied site shows higher mobility. The structure determined in the presence of calcium, although does not represent a fully Ca(2+)-loaded form, suggests that calcium induces rather small conformational rearrangements. Comparison with calpain suggests further that the relatively small magnitude of conformational changes invoked by calcium alone may be a characteristic feature of the PEF family. Moreover, the largest differences are localized to the EF1, thus supporting the notion that calcium signaling occurs through this portion of the molecule and that it may involve the N-terminal Gly/Pro rich segment. Electrostatic potential distribution shows significant differences between grancalcin and calpain domain VI demonstrating their distinct character.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Purification and characterization of chorion peroxidase from Aedes aegypti eggs.
Previous study has shown that a peroxidase is present in the mature eggs of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and the enzyme is involved in the formation of a rigid and insoluble chorion by catalyzing chorion protein crosslinking through dityrosine formation. In this study, chorion peroxidase was solubilized from egg chorion by 1% SDS and 2 M urea and purified by various chromatographic techniques. The enzyme has a relative molecular mass of 63,000 as estimated by SDS-PAGE. Spectral analysis of the enzyme revealed the presence of the Soret band with a lambda(max) at 415 nm, indicating that chorion peroxidase is a hemoprotein. Treatment of the native enzyme with H2O2 in excess in the absence of reducing agents shifted the Soret band from 415 to 422 nm, and reduction of the native enzyme with sodium hydrosulfite under anaerobic conditions changed the Soret band from 415 to 446 nm. These results show that the chorion peroxidase behaves similarly to other peroxidases under oxidative and reductive conditions, respectively. Compared to other peroxidases, the chorion peroxidase, however, is extremely resistant to denaturing agents, such as SDS and organic solvents. For example, chorion peroxidase remained active for several weeks in 1% SDS, while horseradish peroxidase irreversibly lost all its activity in 2 h under the same conditions. Comparative analysis between mosquito chorion peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase showed that the specific activity of chorion peroxidase to tyrosine was at least 100 times greater than that of horseradish peroxidase to tyrosine. Chorion peroxidase is also capable of catalyzing polypeptide and chorion protein crosslinking through dityrosine formation during in vitro assays. Our data suggest that the characteristics of the chorion peroxidase in mosquitoes closely reflect its functions in chorion formation and hardening.
Aedes↗