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Biomedical subjects

R A Cockington

Publications and source records attributed to R A Cockington.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Tracking of serum lipids and dietary energy, fat and calcium intake from 1 to 15 years.

We describe the results of tracking serum lipids, and dietary intake of energy, fat and calcium in a cohort of 106 children in the Adelaide Nutrition Study who were followed to 15 years of age together with an additional 123 children recruited from 11 years of age. Measures of energy, fat and calcium intakes were obtained from analyses of 4-day weighed records. The pattern and level of tracking were similar for males and females. The tracking coefficient for total cholesterol was 0.28-0.49 between 1 and 15 years of age, 0.3-0.64 between 2-8 and 15 years of age adn 0.71-0.78 between 13 and 15 years of age. The pattern was similar for low density lipoprotein cholesterol, but lower for high density lipoprotein cholesterol. For mean daily energy, fat and calcium intake, tracking coefficients were low below 4 years of age, but from then on were 0.46-0.64 for energy intake, 0.38-0.51 for fat (g) and 0.51-0.62 for calcium (mg).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Work-related stress and depression among practicing emergency physicians: an international study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the levels of work-related stress and depression reported by practicing emergency physicians in three survey sites and to determine the effects of gender and marital status on the stress and depression experienced by these physicians. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mail surveys. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred sixty-four practicing emergency physicians from the United States, 91 fellows in full-time practice from Australasia, and 154 consultants and 47 senior registrars from the United Kingdom. INTERVENTION: Administration of questionnaires requesting demographic information and including an inventory to assess work-related stress and a scale to measure depressive symptomatology. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A 3 x 2 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance performed to compare scores on the stress inventory and depression scale simultaneously by survey site, gender, and marital status revealed significant differences in stress and depression by survey site and marital status. Univariate analyses of variance revealed significant differences in both stress and depression among the three survey sites and in depression by marital status. Adjusted means indicated that physicians from the United Kingdom reported higher levels of stress and depression than physicians from the United States and Australasia. Physicians from the United States and Australasia did not differ with respect to stress or depression. Physicians who were not married reported higher levels of depression than married physicians. No large mean differences, actual or adjusted, were found for any of the grouping factors. CONCLUSION: Statistical differences among practicing emergency physicians from the United States, Australasia, and the United Kingdom were observed, but the actual levels of work-related stress and depression were similar and did not appear severe. Marriage was associated with lower levels of depressive symptomatology.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Head injuries in infants and young children: the value of the Paediatric Coma Scale. Review of literature and report on a study.

The normal verbal and motor responses embodied in the standard Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) are not achievable during the first few years of life. The recent literature contains numerous reports of attempts to devise scales of responses quantitating the conscious level in infants and young children, both for research purposes and as clinical guides; some of these scales incorporate items, e.g. brainstem reflexes, that are not included in the GCS. We have reported on a simple paediatric version of the GCS, which uses the standard scale with minor modifications in the verbal component, and sets realistic age-related normal responses. This has been tested prospectively in a series of 60 head-injured infants and children (age range 0-72 months). Of 6 cases recorded as comatose 6 h after injury, 4 have confirmed or suspected residual disabilities. Of 35 cases considered to be fully conscious at 6 h, 31 have made good recoveries and only 1 has suspected residual disabilities. The study suggests that the scale accords with the realities of neurological immaturity, and confirms that it can be used in routine paediatric practice. For comparative therapeutic trials, the conscious level in infants has limited value as an index of brain injury, and should be complemented by other indices, such as brainstem reflexes.

Brain↗
PubMed1991

Work-related stress and depression among physicians pursuing postgraduate training in emergency medicine: an international study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the levels of work-related stress and depression reported by physicians-in-training in emergency medicine in three survey sites and to determine the effects of gender and marital status on stress and depression among these physicians. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mail surveys. SETTING AND TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS: Physicians-in-training in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australasia. INTERVENTION: Questionnaires requesting demographic information and including scales assessing work-related stress and depression were administered. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: A 3 x 2 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance in which survey site, gender, and marital status were independent variables and stress and depression scale scores were dependent variables revealed significant differences when stress and depression were analyzed simultaneously. Univariate analyses of variance revealed significant differences in stress by survey site and gender and in depression for all three independent variables. Comparison of adjusted means revealed that respondents from the United Kingdom reported significantly higher levels of stress than did respondents from the United States and that women reported significantly higher levels than men. Respondents from the United States reported significantly higher levels of depression than did respondents from the other countries, women reported higher levels than men, and unmarried respondents reported higher levels than married respondents. CONCLUSION: Despite limitations resulting from self-report bias, cross-sectional survey methodology, sampling error, and differences in training among the three survey sites, the respondents experienced similar levels of stress and depression attributable to anticipated sources.

Australia↗
PubMed1991

An epidemiological survey of dog bites presenting to the emergency department of a children's hospital.

German shepherds are the most popular registered breed of dog in South Australia, but are also the most hazardous to children, biting more often and more severely. A study of the victims of dog bites presenting to the Emergency Department of the Adelaide Children's Hospital over an 18 month period revealed that, although many breeds were involved, only German shepherds were implicated more frequently than their prevalence in the community. Attacks occurred most often in a domestic setting involving a friendly dog that was known to the victim. Boys were more often bitten than girls and children aged 1-6 years most commonly involved. Injuries to the face and scalp were frequent and the usual ones to require admission for suture under general anaesthetic. Some scarring was a common sequel and resulting fear of dogs remained with some children. Most attacks were reported to be unprovoked and a previous biting history on the part of the dog was uncommon. Parents who are contemplating obtaining a dog for a family pet should be made aware of these facts and advised regarding the biting hazards and possible prevention. The German shepherd situation especially should be brought to their attention.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Hospital and general practice co-operative initiatives in education.

All these developments demonstrate what can be achieved by the presence, within the teaching hospital system, of a person who is recognised as being responsible for general practice training. Considerable progress has been made, but it is emphasised that this has been an evolutionary process. Further, almost all the programmes and activities that have evolved have been built on ideas initiated by the Director of Ambulatory Paediatrics or were already in the minds of a number of people but not implemented because of other commitments. The co-ordinator has been in a position to adopt these ideas and put them into practice.

Australia↗
PubMed1989

Ambulatory management of burns in children.

A randomized trial of three treatment methods for the ambulatory management of minor burns in children has shown Op-site to be superior. The dressing is cost-effective and well tolerated, with the advantage that children can return to their normal activities without jeopardizing the healing process.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1989

Outcomes following the use of rational guidelines in the management of jaundiced newborn infants.

In 1975, rational guidelines for management of the jaundiced newborn infant were introduced to the Mercy Maternity Hospital, Melbourne. The guidelines were produced as four charts, each chart covering a particular birthweight range. The charts have been used widely. The effect of introduction of the charts has been examined by comparing the years 1971-74 with 1975-77. An overall decrease occurred in the use of phototherapy, without an increase in the use of exchange transfusion or in those with a serum bilirubin level above 339 mumol/L. The difference was not explained by an alteration in the spectrum of causes of jaundice. Long-term follow-up of jaundiced infants managed according to these guidelines revealed a satisfactory outcome despite a significant reduction in active treatment. The associated avoidance of potential side effects of treatment of the jaundiced newborn infant warrants consideration of the use of these charts by other neonatal units.

Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood↗
PubMed1986

Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine in children aged 5 to 15 years.

The type-specific antibody response of 99 healthy children, aged 5 to 15 years, to a 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine was determined and analyzed according to age at the time of vaccination. The response to the majority of the serotypes, including the important "pediatric" types 6A, 18C, and 19F, appeared to plateau in the 8- to 10-year-old age group, whereas for types 14 and 23F, which are also important in children, the response continued to improve with age to ages 13 to 15 years. The antibody response of a group of 23 children, aged 5 to 15 years, with various hematologic disorders (12 of whom had undergone splenectomy) was also determined and compared with that of the healthy children. For all serotypes the antibody response was similar in the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Growth of Australian Aboriginal children related to social circumstances.

Surveys were conducted of the growth of Aboriginal children in three South Australian communities of differing social circumstances. Significant differences were found between the three groups' growth parameters, with better growth paralleling improvement in living conditions. Normal growth occurred in Aboriginal children who came from similar environments to Caucasian children and comparison with the latter group revealed no significant differences in growth. The relationship held when studied over time.

Body Height↗
PubMed1979

A guide to the use of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Nomograms have been designed to provide rational and consistent guidelines for the use of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. In the management of 195 neonates in the first week of life, phototherapy, given according to these nomograms, was successful, except in some severe cases of Rhesus incompatability, in controlling hyperbilirubinemia in both premature and term neonates. When compared to the more random use before the introduction of the nomograms, phototherapy was reduced significantly without an increase in the requirement for exchange transfusions.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1979

Thrombus formation on catheters in new born lambs.

Catheters were inserted into the aorta and inferior vena cava of newborn lambs by cutdown on the femoral vessels and directly into the umbilical vein. The lambs were killed after six days and the amounts of thrombus surrounding the cathethers were measured. Most catheters inserted into the umbilical vein looped within the liver and only a few passed directly into the portal vein or through the ductus venosus into the vena cava. On different types of catheters inserted via the femoral artery or femoral vein, there were significant differences both in the proportion with thrombus and the amount of thrombus. There were also significant differences in renal infarctions caused by different types of catheters.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Silicone elastomer for nasojejunal intubation and central venous cannulation in neonates.

Modifications are described to two techniques using silicone elastomer tubing in neonatal nutrition. The first enables nasojejunal intubation to be performed easily for feeding by this route. The second provides a central venous line for parenteral alimentation. These modifications are suggested as improvements to the original techniques described.

Catheterization↗