A simple confidence interval for the odds ratio in a two-by-two table with one zero cell.
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Case-Control Studies↗
Biomedical subjects
R A Dewar
Publications and source records attributed to R A Dewar.
Case-control study of IDDM.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) may be caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental insults. However, there are few solid leads concerning human diabetogenic environmental agents. A case-control study was carried out to investigate the possible relationships between IDDM and various biological, chemical, and psychological factors. All 161 cases of IDDM among children aged 0-17 yr occurring in Montreal from 1983 to 1986 were included. The parent of each newly diagnosed diabetic subject was asked to provide the names of two of the child's friends or neighbors who would be age and sex matched to serve as controls. For those unable to do so, matched controls were selected from a hospital emergency room. Parents of cases and controls were interviewed concerning many factors. There was little or no difference between cases and controls with regard to parental smoking habits, exposure to pets, and consumption of meat products high in nitrosamines. In univariate analyses, there was some indication of elevated risk for children who had not been breast-fed, who attended day care or nursery before age 5 yr, who lived in a crowded household at age 3 yr, or who had a history of asthma or eczema, although in multivariate analyses the only variables that had any effect were crowding and day-care attendance. In univariate and multivariate analyses, there was high risk of IDDM among children who had experienced selected stressful life events during the 12 mo preceding onset of IDDM or who had exhibited symptoms of social or psychological dysfunction during that time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
A program for point and interval calculation of odds ratios and attributable risks from unmatched case-control data.
An epidemiological investigation may be designed to collect data and analyse associations between many risk factors and/or many disease groups. A FORTRAN program has been developed to calculate point and interval estimates of odds ratios and attributable risks from stratified, unmatched case-control data for any number of disease/risk-factor combinations. For each disease/risk-factor association, this program can be used to estimate odds ratios by level of exposure and by latency. All output is time- and date-stamped with labels and titles to increase readability and provide useful documentation of study results. All data management is performed using the SPSS package, giving the program a great deal of flexibility, at the same time making it easy to implement and to use. The program has been installed on several mainframes.
Biometry↗
Attendance at a London casualty department.
Patients who attended the casualty department of the Middlesex Hospital during one week in 1973 were interviewed. A predominantly young and working population used the department. Relatively few patients lived close to the hospital but many worked nearby. One third of all attendances were by patients who had been asked to return by casualty doctors. About half the new patients came of their own accord; the next largest group had been sent directly from work by an employer or occupational health service. Half the patients came with injuries, many of them superficial, although there were also serious accident cases. One fifth of the patients had no general practitioner whom they could consult. Age and geographical mobility were related to whether or not patients were registered with a general practitioner. The main reasons for not consulting a general practitioner were that patients felt they needed hospital treatment or that it was more convenient to attend the casualty department. It is suggested that the view that casual attenders with relatively trivial complaints should be encouraged to go to a general practitioner is not always applicable since social as well as medical circumstances determine whether or not patients decide to visit casualty.
Emergency Service, Hospital↗