Pharmacists' and physicians' attitudes toward pharmaceutical marketing practices.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R A Giudici.
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Drug Interaction Facts on Disk (DIF) was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning and use, the user documentation, and the technical support were rated excellent. The scope of coverage, the quality of the clinical documentation, and overall clinical performance were also excellent. The frequency of updates is good. The program's clinical performance was compared to RxTriage and Drug Therapy Screening System using five recently reported drug interactions. The ability to screen for selected drug-food/nutrient interactions was also evaluated. Drug Interaction Facts is rated to be one of the better bargains in drug interaction software programs.
Five patient counseling drug information programs are evaluated using specific criteria definitions. This article compares the features and ratings of each program. The scope of drug coverage is found to be good to excellent. Most of the programs fared poorly in the timeliness of the database. Updates to the programs range from quarterly to undefined schedule. The ease of readability of all the programs is excellent. The inclusion of key components of information is determined to be good to excellent. The overall patient performance ratings are excellent for each of the programs. The programs are all competitively priced. All of the programs evaluated are easy to use. The only distinguishing feature among the programs is the format of the printed output.
Twelve distributors of pharmacokinetic software programs for microcomputers were surveyed to determine scope of drug coverage; the pharmacokinetics models, methods, and equations used; hardware requirements including use of math coprocessor, random access memory (RAM) required, storage space, printer support and mouse use; software features including availability of windows, pull-down menus, context sensitive help, graphical representation of data, ability to export data including to ASCII file and ability to store patient data; availability of support including toll-free telephone numbers, 24-hour support and clinical consultations; costs; and frequency of updates.
Ninety-nine pharmacy computer vendors were surveyed to determine the sources of their clinical data bases for drug-drug interactions, drug-food/nutrient interactions and IV compatibilities. Sixty-five percent of the vendors cited two drug-drug interaction software programs most frequently. These are Drug Therapy Screening System from Medi-span and RxTriage from First Data Bank. First Data Bank is also the most frequently cited source for the drug-food interactions and IV compatibility databases.
Four microcomputer software programs that contain IV compatibility information were evaluated using specific criteria for these programs. This article compares scope of coverage, quality of clinical documentation, frequency updates, and clinical performance for these programs. There are no excellent IV compatibility programs. Of the programs tested, Micromedex performed the best. Therapeutic Software is not considered a comprehensive IV compatibility program. IV-Check PC and Medicom Micro performed equally well.
Dambro's Drug Interactions was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning and use were rated excellent. The user documentation and quality of the technical support were good. The scope of coverage, clinical documentation, frequency of updates, and overall clinical performance were fair. The primary advantages of the program are the quick searching and detection of drug interactions, and the attempt to provide useful interaction data, i.e., significance and reference. The disadvantages are the lack of current drug interaction information, outdated references, lack of evaluative drug interaction information, and the inability to save or print patient profiles. The program is not a good value for the pharmacist but has limited use as a quick screening tool.
RxTriage was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning and use, and technical support were rated excellent. The user documentation was good. The scope of coverage, frequency of updates and overall clinical performance were good. The quality of the clinical documentation, which included key drug interaction texts and primary references, was excellent. The primary advantages of the program are the quality of its data base and interaction information and the inclusion of decision support tables. The disadvantage is the relative high cost as compared to other available microcomputer programs.
Departmental efficiency is a priority issue for hospital administration as third party payers maintain or reduce the level of reimbursement. This study validates the PHASU (PHArmacy Service Unit) model, which predicts the workload and productivity of a unit dose pharmacy. A PHASU equivalency system enabled the authors to develop a comparative standard for all pharmacy procedures. The procedure most reflective of workload is unit dose orders. Predicted productivity and staff requirements compare favorably to management engineering determinations. The PHASU model represents a reliable workload forecasting instrument that pharmacy managers can prospectively incorporate in the support of current and future pharmacy services.
The Medical Letter Drug Interactions Program was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning, and use were rated excellent. The user documentation and technical support were good. The quality of the clinical documentation was excellent. The scope of coverage and overall clinical performance were good. The frequency of updates is fair. The primary advantages of the program are low costs and fast, reliable screening tool for drug interactions.
Drug Therapy Screening System (DTSS) was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning and use, the user documentation, and the technical support were rated excellent. The scope of coverage, the quality of the clinical documentation, and overall clinical performance were also excellent. The frequency of updates is good. The program is one of the best microcomputer drug interaction software packages evaluated by the authors thus far, because of its comprehensiveness, simplicity in use, and quality of its drug interaction information. The relatively high annual cost may limit its attractiveness.
The PDR's Drug Interactions and Side Effects System was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning, and ease of use were rated excellent. The user documentation and technical support were good. The quality of the clinical documentation was fair. The scope of coverage and overall clinical performance were fair. The frequency of updates is good. The primary advantage of the program is its citation of drug interactions and side effects listed in the official product labeling of numerous brand name products. The major disadvantages are that it lacks evaluative interaction information, may not include current information, and only contains brand names listed in one of the PDR compendia.
Drug Interactions Advisor was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning and use were rated as good. The documentation and technical support were rated as fair. The program received fair ratings for scope of coverage, clinical documentation, and frequency of updates. Because of the quality and quantity of interaction information provided, overall clinical performance was rated as poor. The program has value as an initial screen for detection of potential interactions. It is not a useful source for evaluative drug interaction information.
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Therapeutic Software's Adverse Interactions was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning, and technical support were rated as excellent. The ease of use and documentation for use were rated as good. The program received an excellent rating for the quality of the clinical documentation and good ratings for the scope of coverage and overall clinical performance. The frequency of updates is fair. The program is an excellent value because of its comprehensiveness, sources of the data base, and relatively low cost. It may be one of the better buys for drug interaction softwares.
Drug Master 89 was evaluated using general and specific criteria. The installation process, ease of learning, and ease of use were rated excellent. The technical support, scope of coverage, and overall clinical performance were rated good. The quality of the clinical documentation and frequency of updates were fair, while the quality of the user documentation was poor. The program is valuable to the clinical dietician because of the comprehensiveness of its dietary and food interactions data base. For the practicing pharmacist, it performs reasonably well but other available programs are better values.
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