PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

R A Goldbohm

Publications and source records attributed to R A Goldbohm.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Are coffee and tea consumption associated with urinary tract cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Narrative reviews have concluded that there is a small association between coffee consumption and an increased risk of urinary tract cancer, possibly due to confounding by smoking. No association for tea consumption has been indicated. This systematic review attempts to summarize and quantify these associations both unadjusted and adjusted for age, smoking and sex. METHOD: Thirty-four case-control and three follow-up studies were included in this systematic review. Summary odds ratios (OR) were calculated by meta-regression analyses. RESULTS: The unadjusted summary OR indicated a small increased risk of urinary tract cancer for current coffee consumers versus non-drinkers. The adjusted summary OR were: 1.26 (95% CI : 1.09-1.46) for studies with only men, 1.08 (95% CI : 0.79-1.46) for studies with only women and 1.18 (95% CI : 1.01-1.38) for studies with men and women combined. Neither unadjusted nor adjusted summary OR provided evidence for a positive association between tea consumption and urinary tract cancer. Even though studies differed in methodology, the results were rather consistent. We did not perform dose-response analyses for coffee and tea consumption due to sparse data. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with earlier reviews, we found that coffee consumption increases the risk of urinary tract cancer by approximately 20%. The consumption of tea seems not to be related to an increased risk of urinary tract cancer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Occupational risk factors for male bladder cancer: results from a population based case cohort study in the Netherlands.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to estimate risk of bladder cancer associated with occupational exposures to paint components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel exhausts, and aromatic amines among the general population in The Netherlands. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted among 58,279 men. In September 1986, the cohort members (55-69 years) completed a self administered questionnaire on risk factors for cancer including job history. Follow up for incident bladder cancer was established by linkage to cancer registries until December 1992. A case-cohort approach was used based on 532 cases and 1630 subcohort members. A case by case expert assessment was carried out to assign to the cases and subcohort members a cumulative probability of occupational exposure for each carcinogenic exposure. RESULTS: Men in the highest tertiles of occupational exposure to paint components, PAHs, aromatic amines, and diesel exhaust had non-significantly higher age and smoking adjusted incident rate ratios (RRs) of bladder cancer than men with no exposure: 1.29 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.71 to 2.33), 1.24 (95% CI 0.68 to 2.27), 1.32 (95% CI 0.41 to 4.23) and 1.21 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.88), respectively. The associations between paint components and PAHs and risk of bladder cancer were most pronounced for current smokers. Among former smokers it seemed that for cumulative probability of exposure to paint components and PAHs, men who had smoked more than 15 cigarettes a day had RRs below unity compared with men who had smoked less than 15 cigarettes a day, whereas among current smokers the opposite was found. Exposure to diesel exhaust was positively associated with risk of bladder cancer among current and former smokers who had smoked more than 15 cigarettes a day. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided only marginal evidence for an association between occupational exposure to paint components, PAHs, aromatic amines, and bladder cancer. Despite the small proportion of exposed subjects, an interaction with cigarette smoking was found, specifically for paint components, suggesting that the carcinogenic effect on the bladder might decrease after stopping smoking.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Consumption of vegetables and fruits and urothelial cancer incidence: a prospective study.

Although most epidemiological studies concerning urothelial cancer support a possible protective effect of vegetable and fruit consumption, previous studies have been inconsistent with regard to which vegetables and fruits may be responsible for an inverse association. The association between the consumption of 21 vegetables and nine fruits and urothelial cancer risk was assessed in the Netherlands Cohort Study among 120,852 men and women aged 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 538 incident cases and 2,953 subcohort members with complete vegetable data and 569 cases and 3,123 subcohort members with complete fruit data were available for case-cohort analyses. In multivariable case-cohort analyses, the following age-, sex-, and smoking-adjusted incidence rate ratios for groups of vegetable and fruit consumption were observed (comparing highest versus lowest quintile of consumption): total vegetables, 0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65-1.27]; cooked vegetables, 0.98 (CI: 0.71-1.35); raw vegetables, 1.10 (CI: 0.78-1.53); cooked leafy vegetables, 0.89 (CI: 0.65-1.23); raw leafy vegetables, 0.94 (CI: 0.73-1.22); pulses, 1.03 (CI: 0.74-1.44); brassicas, 0.75 (CI: 0.54-1.04); allium vegetables, 0.89 (CI: 0.67-1.19); total fruit, 0.74 (CI: 0.53-1.04); and citrus fruit, 0.85 (CI: 0.62-1.17). For three separate items (cauliflower, cooked carrots, and mandarins), a statistically significant inverse association was seen, whereas for other specific vegetables or fruit, no statistically significant association was observed. The data are suggestive of an inverse association between the consumption of brassicas, total fruit, and urothelial cancer risk, whereas total vegetable consumption did not appear to be associated with urothelial cancer risk.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer.

The relation between vegetable and fruit consumption and colorectal cancer risk was comprehensively assessed in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer using a validated 150-item food frequency questionnaire. After 6.3 years of follow-up (1986-1992), over 1,000 incident cases of colorectal cancer were registered. Using case-cohort analysis, the authors calculated rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age, alcohol intake, and family history of colorectal cancer. For colon cancer, no statistically significant associations with total vegetable intake or total fruit intake were found. However, among women, an inverse association was observed with vegetables and fruits combined (for the highest quintile vs. the lowest, the rate ratio was 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.44, 1.01)). Brassica vegetables and cooked leafy vegetables showed inverse associations for both men and women. Among women and, to a lesser extent, among men, inverse associations were stronger for distal colonic tumors than for proximal colonic tumors. For rectal cancer, no statistically significant associations were found for vegetable consumption or fruit consumption or for specific groups of vegetables and fruits; only Brassica vegetables showed a positive association in women. As in other cohort studies, the observed inverse relation between vegetable and fruit consumption and occurrence of colorectal cancer was less strong than relations reported in case-control studies.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk.

The association between anthropometric indices and the risk of breast cancer was analyzed using pooled data from seven prospective cohort studies. Together, these cohorts comprise 337,819 women and 4,385 incident invasive breast cancer cases. In multivariate analyses controlling for reproductive, dietary, and other risk factors, the pooled relative risk (RR) of breast cancer per height increment of 5 cm was 1.02 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96, 1.10) in premenopausal women and 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) in postmenopausal women. Body mass index (BMI) showed significant inverse and positive associations with breast cancer among pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively; these associations were nonlinear. Compared with premenopausal women with a BMI of less than 21 kg/m2, women with a BMI exceeding 31 kg/m2 had an RR of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.85). In postmenopausal women, the RRs did not increase further when BMI exceeded 28 kg/m2; the RR for these women was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.46). The authors found little evidence for interaction with other breast cancer risk factors. Their data indicate that height is an independent risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer; in premenopausal women, this relation is less clear. The association between BMI and breast cancer varies by menopausal status. Weight control may reduce the risk among postmenopausal women.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Anthropometry in relation to prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study.

In the Netherlands Cohort Study, the authors investigated whether anthropometry is associated with prostate cancer risk. At baseline in 1986, 58,279 men aged 55-69 years completed a self-administered questionnaire on diet, anthropometry, and other risk factors for cancer. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 681 cases were available with complete data on height and weight at baseline, and for 523 cases, there were data for weight at age 20 years. In both age-adjusted and multivariate case-cohort analyses (adjusted for age, family history of prostate cancer, and socioeconomic status), height, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), and lean body mass (kg) at baseline were not associated with prostate cancer risk. The rate ratios of prostate cancer for men with a BMI at age 20 of less than 19, 19-20.9, 21-22.9, 23-24.9, and 25 or greater were 1.00 (reference), 1.06, 1.09, 1.39, and 1.33, respectively (p for trend = 0.02). For gain in BMI from age 20 years to age of the cohort at baseline, an inverse trend in risk was found (p for trend = 0.01), which did not persist after additional adjustment for BMI at age 20 (p for trend = 0.07). In subgroup analyses, no clear associations between anthropometry and advanced prostate cancer were found. Our findings suggest that body composition in young adulthood may already exert an effect on later risk of prostate cancer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Vitamins, carotenoids, dietary fiber, and the risk of gastric carcinoma: results from a prospective study after 6.3 years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Numerous components of fruit and vegetables are considered to decrease the risk of gastric carcinoma. In the current prospective study, the authors examined the association between the intake of vitamins, carotenoids, and dietary fiber and vitamin supplement use and the incidence rate of gastric carcinoma. METHODS: The Netherlands Cohort Study began in 1986 with 120,852 men and women ages 55-69 years. Data regarding diet and other covariates were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. After 6.3 years of follow-up, data regarding 282 incident cases of gastric carcinoma and 3123 subcohort members were available for case-cohort analyses. RESULTS: In analyses adjusted for age, gender, smoking history, education, stomach disorders, and family history of gastric carcinoma, an inverse association with vitamin C intake (relative risk [RR] for highest vs. lowest intake category, 0.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.5-1.0) was observed, with a borderline significant trend across three intake categories (P = 0. 06). After the exclusion of cases diagnosed in the first and second follow-up years, the RR was 0.9 (95% CI, 0.6-1.2; P trend = 0.44). Intake of retinol and beta-carotene were associated positively with gastric carcinoma risk with highest versus lowest quintile RRs of 1. 6 (95% CI, 1.0-2.5; P trend = 0.02) and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.0-2.6; P trend = 0.13), respectively, after the exclusion of first-year and second-year cases. Intake of folate, vitamin E, alpha-carotene, lutein plus zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and dietary fiber was not associated with gastric carcinoma. Patients who used vitamin A-containing supplements had a lower risk of gastric carcinoma than nonusers (RR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: No clear inverse associations were found between the intake of vitamins, carotenoids, and dietary fiber and the risk of gastric carcinoma after adjustment for confounding variables and the exclusion of first-year and second-year cases.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Intake of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and stomach cancer risk: results from analyses in the Netherlands Cohort Study.

Both carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties have been reported for the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The association between dietary intake of BHA and BHT and stomach cancer risk was investigated in the Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS) that started in 1986 among 120,852 men and women aged 55 to 69 years. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess food consumption. Information on BHA or BHT content of cooking fats, oils, mayonnaise and other creamy salad dressings and dried soups was obtained by chemical analysis, a Dutch database of food additives (ALBA) and the Dutch Compendium of Foods and Diet Products. After 6.3 years of follow-up, complete data on BHA and BHT intake of 192 incident stomach cancer cases and 2035 subcohort members were available for case-cohort analysis. Mean intake of BHA or BHT among subcohort members was 105 and 351 microg/day, respectively. For consumption of mayonnaise and other creamy salad dressings with BHA or BHT no association with stomach cancer risk was observed. A statistically non-significant decrease in stomach cancer risk was observed with increasing BHA and BHT intake [rate ratio (RR) highest/lowest intake of BHA = 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25-1.30] and BHT = 0.74 (95% CI: 0.38-1.43). In this study, no significant association with stomach cancer risk was found for usual intake of low levels of BHA and BHT.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to study the association between vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer incidence using 1074 cases after 6.3 years of follow-up in the Netherlands Cohort Study. METHODS: Dietary intake was assessed using a 150-item food-frequency questionnaire. Multivariate models were used including age, sex, family history of lung cancer, highest educational level attained, and smoking history. RESULTS: Statistically significant inverse associations were found with total vegetables and most vegetable groups. Rate ratios (RRs) based on consumption frequency showed the strongest effect of vegetables from the Brassica group (RR 0.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.3-0.9, for consumption > or = 3 times per week versus < or = once a month). RR of highest versus lowest quintile of total vegetable consumption was 0.7 (95% CI 0.5-1.0, p-trend 0.001). Statistically significant inverse associations were found for all fruits listed in the questionnaire. RRs for quintiles of total fruit intake were 1.0, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6 and 0.8 respectively (p-trend < 0.0001). Protective effects of fruits and vegetables were stronger in current than in former smokers, and weaker for adenocarcinomas than for other types of tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations with lung cancer are found for both vegetable and fruit intake, but no specific type of vegetable or fruit seems to be particularly responsible.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

Animal products and K-ras codon 12 and 13 mutations in colon carcinomas.

K-ras gene mutations (codons 12 and 13) were determined by PCR-based mutant allele-specific amplification (MASA) in tumour tissue of 185 colon cancer patients: 36% harboured mutations, of which 82% were located in codon 12. High intakes of animal protein, calcium and poultry were differently associated with codon 12 and 13 mutations: odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for codon 12 versus codon 13 were 9.0 (2.0-42), 4.1 (1.4-12) and 15 (1.4-160), respectively. In case-control comparisons, high intakes of animal protein and calcium were positively associated with colon tumours harbouring codon 12 mutations [for animal protein per 17 g, OR (95% CI) = 1.5 (1.0-2.1); for calcium per 459 mg, 1.2 (0.9-1.6)], while inverse associations were observed for tumours with K-ras mutations in codon 13 [for animal protein 0.4 (0.2-1.0); for calcium 0.6 (0. 3-1.2)]. Transition and transversion mutations were not differently associated with these dietary factors. These data suggest a different dietary aetiology of colon tumours harbouring K-ras codon 12 and 13 mutations.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A prospective cohort study on antioxidant and folate intake and male lung cancer risk.

Many studies have reported inverse associations between vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of several antioxidants and folate in this relationship. In the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer, 58,279 men of ages 55-69 years at baseline in 1986 returned a questionnaire including a 150-item food frequency questionnaire. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 939 male lung cancer cases were registered. A new Dutch carotenoid database was used to estimate intake of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, completed with the antioxidant vitamins C and E and folate. Using case-cohort analysis, rate ratios were calculated, adjusted for age, smoking, educational level, and family history of lung cancer. Protective effects on lung cancer incidence were found for lutein + zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, folate, and vitamin C. Other carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene) and vitamin E did not show significant associations. After adjustment for vitamin C, only folate remained inversely associated, and after adjustment for folate, only beta-cryptoxanthin and vitamin C remained significantly associated. Inverse associations were strongest among current smokers and weaker for former smokers at baseline. Inverse associations with carotenes, lutein + zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin seemed to be limited to small cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Only folate and vitamin C intake appeared to be inversely related to small cell and squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Folate, vitamin C, and beta-cryptoxanthin might be better protective agents against lung cancer in smokers than alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, and lycopene.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques.

PURPOSE: Macular pigment (MP) may protect against age-related macular degeneration. This study was conducted to determine the extent of changes in the macular pigment density as a consequence of oral supplementation with lutein. A second purpose was to compare two objective measurement techniques. METHODS: In the first technique, reflectance maps were made with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Digital subtraction of log reflectance maps and comparison between the foveal area and a 14 degrees temporal site provided MP density estimates. In the second technique, spectral fundus reflectance of the fovea was measured with a fundus reflectometer and analyzed with a detailed optical model, to arrive at MP density values. Eight subjects participated in this study. They took 10 mg lutein per day for 12 weeks. Plasma lutein concentration was measured at 4-week intervals. RESULTS: After 4 weeks, mean blood level of lutein had increased from 0.18 to 0.90 microM. It stayed at this level throughout the intake period and declined to 0.28 microM 4 weeks after termination. Measurement of the density of MP showed a within-subject variation of 10% with MP maps and 17% with spectral reflectance analysis. MP density showed a mean linear 4-week increase of 5.3% (P: < 0.001) and 4.1% (P: = 0. 022), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with lutein significantly increased the density of the MP. Analyzing reflectance maps with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope provided very reliable estimates of MP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Association of energy and fat intake with prostate carcinoma risk: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The roles of energy and fat intake as risk factors for prostate carcinoma are still questionable. Therefore, these factors were evaluated in the Netherlands Cohort Study described in this article. METHODS: The cohort study consisted of 58,279 men ages 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 642 incident prostate carcinoma cases were available for analysis. Intake of energy, fat, and separate fatty acids were measured by means of a self-administered questionnaire; fat intake was adjusted for energy by regression analysis. The case-cohort method was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs). Analyses were conducted for all prostate carcinoma cases together as well as for case subgroups (latent vs. nonlatent and localized vs. advanced). RESULTS: No associations were found in multivariate analyses between prostate carcinoma and intake of energy, total fat, total saturated fatty acids, or total trans unsaturated fatty acids (RR highest vs. lowest quintile: 0.99, 1.10, 1.19, and 0.99, respectively). Oleic acid intake showed a nonsignificant positive association (RR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.88-2.19). Positive associations were also observed for intake of oleic acid in subgroup analyses. Linoleic (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0. 56-1.09) and linolenic (RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66-1.04) acid intake were associated with nonsignificantly decreased risks; only for linolenic acid did these associations persist in subgroup analyses. No associations were found for intake of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that certain fatty acids might be involved in prostate carcinoma occurrence, although the possibility that these were chance findings cannot be ruled out.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

p53 over-expression and p53 mutations in colon carcinomas: relation to dietary risk factors.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that dietary factors may differently affect p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways to colon cancer. Results of such studies may depend on the method used to assess p53 status. This case-control study of 185 colon-cancer cases and 259 controls examines this relation, using both immunohistochemistry and SSCP(exons 5-8)/sequencing to detect p53 abnormalities. Of 185 carcinomas analyzed using immunohistochemistry, 81 (44%) were categorized as p53 over-expression. p53 mutations were detected in 59 tumors (32%). A slight increase in risk observed for intake of saturated fat was largely due to an increased risk in cases without p53 over-expression (OR per 16.1 g/day, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.08-1.97), and no association in cases with p53 over-expression (OR, 1.07, 95% CI, 0.78-1.47). However, findings were less pronounced when cases were classified by mutation analysis (wild-type OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.01-1.75; mutated OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.81-1.65). Similar results were observed for total fat intake. For other nutrients and for vegetable and meat food groups no differences in risk for either p53 pathway were observed, independent of the laboratory technique used. Interestingly, in cases with transversion mutations in the p53 gene, an increased risk was observed for saturated fat (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 0.97-4.14), in contrast to those with mutations at CpG sites (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.55-1.57). An increase in colon-cancer risk for the p53-independent pathway due to fat intake, is more pronounced when using immunohistochemistry. However, mutation analysis is needed to study the possible association with a small group of tumors with transversion mutations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Brassica vegetables and cancer prevention. Epidemiology and mechanisms.

This paper first gives an overview of the epidemiological data concerning the cancer-preventive effect of brassica vegetables, including cabbages, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. A protective effect of brassicas against cancer may be plausible due to their relatively high content of glucosinolates. Certain hydrolysis products of glucosinolates have shown anticarcinogenic properties. The results of six cohort studies and 74 case-control studies on the association between brassica consumption and cancer risk are summarized. The cohort studies showed inverse associations between the consumption of brassica's and risk of lung cancer, stomach cancer, all cancers taken together. Of the case-control studies 64% showed an inverse association between consumption of one or more brassica vegetables and risk of cancer at various sites. Although the measured effects might have been distorted by various types of bias, it is concluded that a high consumption of brassica vegetables is associated with a decreased risk of cancer. This association appears to be most consistent for lung, stomach, colon and rectal cancer, and least consistent for prostatic, endometrial and ovarian cancer. It is not yet possible to resolve whether associations are to be attributed to brassica vegetables per se or to vegetables in general. Further epidemiological research should separate the anticarcinogenic effect of brassica vegetables from the effect of vegetables in general. The mechanisms by which brassica vegetables might decrease the risk of cancer are reviewed in the second part of this paper. Brassicas, including all types of cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts, may be protective against cancer due to their glucosinolate content. Glucosinolates are usually broken down through hydrolysis catalysed by myrosinase, an enzyme that is released from damaged plant cells. Some of the hydrolysis products, viz. indoles, and isothiocyanates, are able to influence phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation enzyme activities, thereby possibly influencing several processes related to chemical carcinogenesis, e.g. the metabolism, DNA-binding, and mutagenic activity of promutagens. Most evidence concerning anticarcinogenic effects of glucosinolate hydrolysis products and brassica vegetables has come from studies in animals. In addition, studies carried out in humans using high but still realistic human consumption levels of indoles and brassica vegetables have shown putative positive effects on health. The combination of epidemiological and experimental data provide suggestive evidence for a cancer preventive effect of a high intake of brassica vegetables.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Diet in adolescence and the risk of breast cancer: results of the Netherlands Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: In The Netherlands, part of the population experienced food restriction and severe famine during World War II. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of severe undernutrition during adolescence on the risk of breast cancer later in life. METHODS: We examined the hypothesis in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (NLCS), among 62,573 women aged 55-69 years. Baseline information on diet and other risk factors was collected with a questionnaire in 1986. Information was collected on residence in the Hunger winter (1944-1945) and War years (1940-1944) and fathers' employment status in 1932-1940 as indicators of exposure. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 1009 incident breast cases were available for analysis. RESULTS: In multivariate case-cohort analysis, residents of the western part of the country in 1944-1945 had an increased breast cancer risk (western city RR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.9-1.4, western rural area RR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9). For the War years (1940-1944) we found no association between breast cancer risk and urban vs. rural residence. Women whose fathers were unemployed during the Depression years (1932-1940) had a non-significant decrease in breast cancer risk (RR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.7-1.2). Exposure to energy restriction during the adolescent growth spurt or during the period between menarche and birth of the first child did not change the RRs substantially. CONCLUSIONS: We found no clear evidence in this study for the hypothesis that energy restriction in adolescence leads to a decreased breast cancer risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A prospective cohort study on consumption of alcoholic beverages in relation to prostate cancer incidence (The Netherlands).

OBJECTIVES: To examine alcohol consumption in relation to prostate cancer incidence in the Netherlands Cohort Study. METHODS: At baseline in 1986, 58,279 men aged 55-69 years completed a self-administered questionnaire on diet, consumption of alcoholic beverages and other risk factors for cancer. For data processing and analyses the case-cohort approach was used. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 680 incident primary prostate cancer cases were available for analysis. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses adjusted for age, socioeconomic status and family history of prostate cancer, no association between total alcohol consumption, alcohol intake from beer and liquor and prostate cancer risk was found. Increased associations were found for alcohol from white wine and fortified wines compared to nondrinkers, but not for red wine. The RRs (95% CI) in the intake category of > or = 15 g/day were 3.3 (1.2-9.2) and 2.3 (1.2-4.7), respectively, after additional adjustment for total alcohol intake. There was, however, no significant trend in risk. Alcohol intake was more strongly related with localized than with advanced prostate tumors. CONCLUSION: Our results do not support an important role for alcohol in prostate cancer etiology. Nevertheless, for specific types of alcoholic beverages, particularly wines, a positive association was suggested which needs examination in further studies.

Age Distribution↗