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R A Hinde

Publications and source records attributed to R A Hinde.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effect of a skeleton photoperiod on the daylength-dependent response to oestrogen in canaries (Serinus canarius).

Previous studies have shown that ovariectomized canaries, injected with 50 mug oestradiol benzoate thrice weekly, show more oestrogen-induced nest-building on a long day than on a short day. In this study the same effect was obtained with castrated canaries. The influence of time available for building was assessed first by comparing castrated males on skeleton long days with birds on short days, the total number of light hours being equal. More birds in the skeleton long-day group placed material in the nest, and did so with a shorter latency, than birds in the short-day group. Thus the differences between short- and long-day birds are unlikely to be due entirely to differences in the time available. However, some of the long-day birds were no more active than the short-day ones suggesting that the skeleton long-day schedule does impose some constraint. In a third experiment photorefractory females (whose ovaries do not secret oestrogen in response to long days) kept on a long skeleton-day scored similarly on all measures of building as birds kept on a full 14 h day and significantly more than birds on a short day. The results also indicate that the birds are measuring daylength by means of a diurnal rhythm of photosensitivity, an effect comparable to that of longer photoperiods on gonadal growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Mothers' and infants' roles: distinguishing the questions to be asked.

The mother-infant relationship consists of interaction sequences, each of which is in some measure unique. We must therefore study pooled data from interactions of the same 'type' occurring within a limited time period. Changes in the relationship must be assessed by comparing data from different time periods. To understand the dynamics of the interaction, it is essential to formulate sharply the questions being asked. In particular, the following questions must not be confused: 'Which partner is primarily responsible for determining the course of this type of interaction in a particular time period?' 'Changes in which partner are responsible for changes in the pattern of interaction between time periods?' and 'Are differences between mothers or between infants primarily responsible for inter-dyad differences in any one time period?' The argument is illustrated with data from rhesus monkeys.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Qualities of mother-infant relationships in monkeys.

We habitually use qualitative terms to describe relationships. This paper is concerned with methods for describing, assessing and classifying these qualities objectively. Some judgements about qualities depend on which interactions occur, some concern qualities of the interactions themselves, and some depend on the way in which the different interactions within a relationship are patterned. In addition some judgements depend on diverse criteria which are not necessarily correlated with each other and need not all be satisfied. Limitations of everyday concepts of quality are discussed. Our attempts to assess qualities of the mother-infant relationship in rhesus monkeys in a quantitative fashion are described. Special attention is paid to groups of measures which appear to refer to qualities which could be described as 'maternal warmth', 'maternal rejectingness', 'maternal control', and 'meshing/dissonance' (i.e. the extent to which the goals of each partner coincide with those of the other). A type of interaction which could be called 'a game' is described. Th extent to which such assessments have predictive value is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Some factors affecting mother-infant relations in rhesus monkeys.

The effects of six independent variables on rhesus mother-infant relations are examined by comparing sub-groups of mother-infant pairs differing in only one of the variables. Variables compared and discussed include mother's parity, previous experience and social status, sex of the infant and the presence of peers. All variables except maternal parity appeared to affect the relationship, but none produced effects that were wholly consistent over all comparisons. Further tentative analyses were made of some age effects and interactions between variables which may have accounted for the inconsistencies.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The role of short days in the termination of photorefractoriness in female canaries (Serinus canarius).

Photorefractory intact female canaries were exposed to a photoperiod of 8 h light: 16 h darkness (8L: 16D) for 0, 2, 4 or 6 weeks before photostimulation with 14L: 10D for 4 weeks. Photoresponsiveness was measured in terms of plasma immunoreactive LH, ovary and oviduct weights, follicle size and nest-building behaviour. Birds not exposed to 8L: 16D were unresponsive to photostimulation while those exposed for 6 weeks to 8L: 16D were as fully photosensitive as females similarly treated immediately before their first breeding season. Birds exposed for 2 or 4 weeks to 8L: 16D responded to subsequent photostimulation but were not as responsive as birds exposed to short days for 6 weeks. Positive correlations between the two ovarian parameters and between these ovarian parameters and oviductal weight existed in all groups exposed to short days, but not in birds not exposed to short days. It is concluded that the restoration of photosensitivity at the end of the refractory period is a function of the number of short days experienced; about 6 weeks of short days are needed for its completion. In another experiment photorefractory birds exposed for 6 weeks to short days without subsequent photostimulation, although potentially photosensitive, were indistinguishable (in terms of the above parameters) from refractory birds kept on long days for the same period; in these birds refractoriness was not broken.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Effects of brief separation from mother on rhesus monkeys.

To summarize, data on the course of development of mother-infant relations in rhesus monkeys have been presented; a method for teasing apart the relative roles of mother and infant in causing changes or differences in the interaction described; and the complexity of the social nexus, within which the relationship is set, stressed. When the mother is removed for a few days, the infant calls a great deal at first and then shows depressed locomotor and play activity. These symptoms may last for a month after the mother's return. Simple tests given 6 months and even 2 years later strongly suggest that the differences (between infants that have had such a separation experience and infants that have not) are persistent. Are these data relevant to the human case? The rhesus monkey has no verbal language and a much less complex social development than man. Furthermore, its social environment is quite different from that found in any human culture. Parallels between monkey and man must therefore be scrutinized carefully before being used as a basis for generalization. But the facts show that a brief separation experience produces in rhesus monkey infants symptoms that are very similar (except for the apparent absence of a "phase of detachment" on reunion) to those in human infants (25). While age of separation, within the rather narrow limits used here, was a variable of minor importance, the effects of the separation varied, as in the human case, with the length of the separation experience and the sex of the infant. Differences in the techniques of experimenters, as well as differences in the species, prevent precise comparisons of the roles of the mother-infant relationships; nevertheless, the nature of the relationship appears to be an important variable in both monkey and man. There would seem, therefore, to be strong reasons for thinking that we are dealing with comparable phenomena. If that is the case, the fact that monkeys function at a simpler conceptual level than man limits the complexity of the explanatory hypotheses necessary in the human case. In addition, the finding that such a brief separation experience, involving removal of the mother but no exposure to a strange environment, can produce effects lasting for months or years in rhesus monkeys strengthens the evidence that long-term effects may occur also in man. Finally, this analysis provides bases for attempts to predict individual differences in the effects of a period of separation on rhesus infants, and the parallels with man suggest that examination of the same variables in the human case would be worthwhile.

Animals↗