Family history of hypertension: a psychophysiological analysis.
Family history of hypertension (positive and negative) and gender groups were compared on cardiovascular responses at rest, during stressors and during recovery. Two tasks were employed, mental arithmetic and an anger recall interview. Both levels and reactivity measures of blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were included. In addition, participants filled out several questionnaires measuring state feelings during the task and recovery periods, trait anger/hostility and emotions. Both men and women with a positive family history of hypertension exhibited higher tonic levels of blood pressure and heart rate at rest, recovery and during both tasks. They also exhibited greater heart rate reactivity during the mental arithmetic task and greater blood pressure reactivity to both tasks when post-math recovery, but not initial rest, was used as a covariate. Positive family history individuals reported less trust and gregariousness, more depression and aggression, less awareness of somatic responses to the tasks and less effort to relax during the post-task rest periods. Finally, significant correlations were found between low anger expression how anger experience and high anger control and task SBP levels in positive family history individuals.