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Biomedical subjects

R B Reed

Publications and source records attributed to R B Reed.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Microscopic anatomy of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) lower respiratory tract.

The microscopic anatomy of the ringed seal lung exhibits unique features and many features similar to those described in other seal species. Unique features include: Trachealis muscle predominately oriented longitudinally; Large veins within the tracheal wall supported by elastic fibers; Goblet cells and pseudostratified epithelium lining the duct system of bronchial glands of the segmental bronchi; Lamina propria of the segmental bronchus heavily invested with elastic fibers clustered into dense longitudinal bundles; and Capillaries and venules covered with squamous epithelium protruding into bronchiolar lumina. Common features include: Cartilage support of the bronchial tree extending distally into respiratory bronchioles; Smooth muscle enhancements in the distal airways producing sphincter like formations; and Lungs extensively supported with interstitial tissue, which divide lungs into lobules.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Distinguishing the roles of the two different cGMP-binding sites for modulating phosphorylation of exogenous substrate (heterophosphorylation) and autophosphorylation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase.

The role of each of the two different cGMP-binding sites (referred to as slow and fast sites) of type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) in altering the rate of catalysis of phosphorylation of exogenous substrates (heterophosphorylation) or the rate of autophosphorylation has not been resolved. In the present study, the cGMP concentration required for half-maximal activation (A(50)) of wild-type PKG type Ibeta (WT) was 5-fold higher for heterophosphorylation than for autophosphorylation. cGMP occupation of the slow site was associated with an increase in the autophosphorylation rate, whereas occupation of the fast and slow site together was associated with a decrease in the autophosphorylation rate compared with the rate observed with occupation of the slow site alone. The contributions of each cGMP-binding site were investigated using PKG mutants containing substitutions of an invariant threonine residue that is critical for high affinity cGMP-binding in each site. Site-directed mutagenesis of Thr-317 of the fast site (T317A) increased the cGMP A(50) for heterophosphorylation 4-fold at 30 degrees C, with nominal effect on cGMP A(50) for autophosphorylation compared with WT. The analogous slow site mutation (T193A) increased the cGMP A(50) for heterophosphorylation and autophosphorylation 32- and 64-fold, respectively. Compared with WT, the cGMP A(50) of the double mutant (T193A/T317A) for heterophosphorylation was increased 300-fold, whereas the cGMP A(50) for autophosphorylation was similar to that of T193A. Thus, occupation of both cGMP-binding sites of PKG is required for maximal stimulation of heterophosphorylation, whereas occupation of the slow site alone is sufficient for stimulation of the rate of autophosphorylation, and additional occupation of the fast site reduces this rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Fast and slow cyclic nucleotide-dissociation sites in cAMP-dependent protein kinase are transposed in type Ibeta cGMP-dependent protein kinase.

Both cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) contain two distinct cyclic nucleotide-binding sites referred to as fast and slow sites based on cyclic nucleotide dissociation behavior. In cAK, the fast site lies amino-terminal to the slow site, and sequence homologies between cAK and cGK have suggested similar positioning for the sites in cGK. Recombinant human type Ibeta cGK (wild type (WT) cGK) was overexpressed, and the properties of purified WT cGK and native type Ibeta cGK were similar. cGK was mutated singly at Thr-193 (T193A, T193V, and T193S) and Thr-317 (T317A, T317V, and T317S), which have been predicted to provide cGMP specificity in the cGMP-binding sites of cGK; a double mutant (T193A/T317A) was produced also. Compared with WT cGK, half-maximal activation (Ka) of mutant cGKs by cGMP was increased 2- (T317A), 27- (T193A), or 63-fold (T193A/T317A), but the Ka for cAMP of these mutants was essentially unchanged. The T193A and T193V mutants had a large increase in the rate of the slow component of [3H]cGMP dissociation, but in the T317A and T317V mutants, there was no change in the slow component. The T193S and T317S mutants had only minor effects on [3H]cGMP dissociation, thus establishing the importance of the hydroxyl group of Thr-193 and -317 for cGMP binding to cGK. Thus, in type Ibeta cGK, the slow cGMP-binding site is identified as the amino-terminal site in contrast to the order assigned to the fast and slow cAMP-binding sites of cAK.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

DNA sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the P1 gene of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius associated with Brazilian purpuric fever.

Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) is a fulminant pediatric disease caused by specific strains of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius. A conserved epitope on the P1 protein of strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius is seen on most virulent isolates. The P1 protein from a Brazilian case-clone strain of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius was analyzed by cloning and sequencing the gene. Three major variable regions are present within the P1 gene of the BPF clone in an architecture similar to that of the previously sequenced P1 genes from H. influenzae. The DNA sequence data of the P1 gene provided information for restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses among strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius. Using PCR for amplification of the P1 gene, we found that AlwI restriction of this gene allowed for a highly accurate segregation of virulent strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius associated with BPF. The strong association of virulent phenotypes with specific AlwI restriction patterns of the P1 gene provides a basis for the convenient and accurate identification of strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius which cause BPF.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed1989

Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae infection in swine.

Discriminate analysis was used to evaluate the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-Treponema hyodysenteriae antibodies in experimentally and naturally infected swine. In trial 1, 26 pigs were randomly divided into three groups (naturally infected, n = 8; experimentally infected, n = 11; and noninfected, n = 7), and samples were collected for 10 weeks. For trial 2, 31 pigs were randomly divided into two groups (naturally infected, n = 22; and noninfected, n = 7), and samples were collected for 20 weeks. Rectal swabs for T. hyodysenteriae isolation were collected daily, and fecal samples for isolation of Salmonella spp. were collected weekly. Serum samples for ELISA evaluation were collected biweekly (trial 1) or weekly (trial 2). Results of discriminate analysis indicated that the ELISA correctly identified 90% or more of the individually infected pigs at prior probabilities of infection ranging from 60 to 90%. The test correctly identified noninfected pigs at a lower rate (61 to 92% range). The mean ELISA titers of naturally infected pigs without clinical signs were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the titers of both groups of experimentally infected pigs. Mean ELISA titers of naturally infected pigs without clinical signs were significantly greater than the mean titers of naturally infected pigs with clinical signs. Naturally infected pigs with clinical signs had a mean ELISA titer that was significantly greater than that of noninfected pigs and significantly less than the mean titers of the experimentally infected pigs without clinical signs and the naturally infected pigs without clinical signs.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

Growth charts for children with Down syndrome: 1 month to 18 years of age.

Centile charts for assessment of stature and weight reflecting expected deficient size and growth rate of home-reared children with Down syndrome are presented for two age intervals, 1 to 36 months and 2 to 18 years, based on 4650 observations on 730 children. Data were pooled and used to estimate five centiles which were smoothed using a flexible mathematical function. These data corroborate other studies of growth in children with Down syndrome demonstrating deficient growth rate throughout the growing period, but most marked in infancy and again at adolescence. Children with Down syndrome in the present sample were taller than those from institutionalized samples at all ages throughout the growing period. Children with moderate or severe congenital heart disease on average were 1.5 to 2.0 cm shorter and about 1 kg lighter than those without or with only mild disease. Mean weight and weight divided by stature squared show that children with Down syndrome have a tendency to be overweight beginning in late infancy and throughout the remainder of the growing years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Identifying mental health service needs of persons with schizophrenia].

The present study aimed to identify the needs and describe the use of twenty mental health services in a population of chronic schizophrenic patients living in two regions in Quebec (Estrie and Centre-Sud). An attempt was also made to determine the principal reasons for which some services were not being used when they were identified as clinically required. The population considered was composed of the patients (N = 88) who had been discharged from the psychiatric care units of five general hospitals over a period of five months in 1982, and for whom the attending psychiatrist could confirm with certainty a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia in accordance with the criteria of DSM-III. Medical files of these patients were reviewed, and the patients and psychiatrists themselves were interviewed separately regarding the patients' needs and use of twenty mental health services over the period from the seventh to the twelfth month after discharge from hospital. Results of the study show that services which were most often identified as clinically required were: 1) taking of neuroleptics, 2) organization of leisure activities, 3) case management, and 4) individual supportive therapy. At the same time, results indicate a poor fit between needs and use for most of rehabilitation and psychosocial services. The main reasons for non-use of services which were identified as clinically required are also presented. The implications of these results for the organization of mental health services for persons suffering from chronic schizophrenia are discussed, especially the importance of case management services.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A flow-limited simulation model of isotopic water dilution.

A model of the kinetics of water metabolism is not synonymous with an anatomic model of body water pools. Quantitating the anatomic relations of pools of body water that are separable on a kinetic basis is very difficult, and these relations are influenced by the physiological state of the animal. A fifteen-pool, flow-limited simulation model of body water distribution and mixing was constructed based on literature values to study the relationship between anatomical and kinetic pools of body water. The blood dilution curve predicted by the model agrees well with dilution curves in the literature. Altering rumen water volume in the model does not alter the blood dilution curve. Segmenting anatomical pools of water on the basis of blood deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution curves is not a realistic goal. Total body water, independent of the physiological state of the animal, can be measured by D2O dilution after isotopic equilibration has been established if corrections are made for the amount of D2O that is lost prior to attaining equilibrium. The model can be used to search for dosing and sampling schemes that have the potential for fractionating anatomical pools of body water. Although the model is not predictive of any particular situation, it does provide a good base for researching kinetics of body water distribution and body composition.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ovine corticotrophin-releasing factor in dogs: dose-response relationships and effects of dexamethasone.

Dose-response relationships between iv bolus injections (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 micrograms/kg) of synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (oCRF) and plasma immunoreactive (i) ACTH and cortisol concentrations were examined in healthy, conscious dogs. All doses of oCRF resulted in elevated plasma iACTH and cortisol levels over those of the controls. Maximum (or Peak) plasma iACTH concentrations were generally observed 20-30 min after oCRF and the magnitude of these peaks was a linear function (P less than 0.001) of the logarithm of the oCRF dose. The time of peak cortisol concentrations was more variable but the peak cortisol level was also linearly related (P less than 0.001) to the logarithm of the oCRF dose. An estimate for the response areas for both hormones demonstrated a quadratic (P less than 0.05) relationship with the logarithm of the oCRF dose. The relationship between oCRF and the iACTH response suggested a progressively greater response at increasing oCRF doses while a maximally effective oCRF dose was predicted in the cortisol response area relationship. Graded (0, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 mg/kg) bolus doses of dexamethasone produced a dose-dependent (P less than 0.03) decline in baseline plasma iACTH levels and a non-dose-dependent suppression in baseline plasma cortisol. Pretreatment with 0.001 mg dexamethasone/kg 4 or 8 h before injection of 1 microgram oCRF/kg did not alter the plasma iACTH or cortisol response; however, 0.1 mg dexamethasone/kg administered at these times totally abolished the responses to oCRF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1983

Growth in "new" vegetarian preschool children using the Jenss-Bayley curve fitting technique.

Length and weight measurements obtained on 142 vegetarian and 229 nonvegetarian school children from a normative population were fitted to growth curves using the asymptotic nonlinear regression equation of Jenss and Bayley. All of the children were Caucasian and age ranged from a few weeks to 6 yr. The growth curves obtained for vegetarian children were from 0.5 to 1.0 kg and 1 to 2 cm lower, depending on age, sex, and diet, than were curves for reference populations of nonvegetarian children. Length was affected more than weight. Macrobiotic vegetarian children's curves were more depressed than those of the other vegetarian children, indicating that there was a good deal of heterogeneity in growth within vegetarians which was associated with dietary group characteristics. Measurements of females were more consistently affected than males, and their diets were also more far reaching with respect to animal food avoidances. The analysis of food records available provided evidence that energy intakes of the vegetarians were below recommended levels, whereas protein intakes did not appear to be limiting.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Coronary risk factor intervention: characteristics associated with change.

Predicting change in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors (cigarette smoking, hypertension, and cholesterol) was undertaken in participants randomized to the treatment group of the Harvard Center of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. The predictor variables of interest were psychosocial characteristics, responses to the initial group sessions intervention strategy, and change in weight. The Harvard sample consists of 652 men identified at high risk of death from CHD. Fifty percent were randomized into an intervention group, and 50% were referred to their usual source of medical care. For the analyses, men were stratified by their baseline smoking status and whether they were taking medication for hypertension. The analyses revealed that there was no single model that explained changes in all three risk factors. For example, cigarette smokers were significantly more likely to stop smoking if they attended the group sessions (p less than or equal to .001). An internal locus of control predicted a lower blood pressure by the end of the first year independent of medication (p less than or equal to .05). If a participant entered the trial with serum cholesterol as the only risk factor of concern, attending the group sessions was associated with a significant decrease by the end of the first year (p less than or equal to .05).

Attitude to Health↗