Effects of fluoride and ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate on bone metabolism in the growing chick.
White Leghorn cockerols were fed a semipurified diet (containing fluoride at 0 to 800 ppm) from the day of hatching. The birds were also injected daily with solutions containing ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 mg as phosphorus/kg of body weight or isotonic saline. Changes in bone mineral composition and plasma Ca, Mg and F were determined as well as alterations in bone pyrophosphatase and the amounts of bone cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Since dietary fluoride in high amounts is known to stimulate new bone formation, the purpose of the study was to assess whether a potent inhibitor of mineralization, such as EHDP, might alter the response to high dietary fluoride. Although bone fluoride and magnesium were increased in relationship to dietary fluoride, the administration of EHDP had little effect on these changes at low to moderate levels of fluoride. The levels of soluble bone pyrophosphatase were not greatly influenced by changes in dietary fluoride. Administration of EHDP at 20 mg P/kg, however, typically decreased the levels of bone pyrophosphatase. Bone cAMP did not appear to be influenced by either dietary fluoride or EHDP. Using tissue culture techniques, the effects of fluoride on calcium uptake and release from embryonic chick bone were also studied. The presence of 1 mM fluoride in the medium appeared to stimulate calcium uptake and reduced calcium release from chick bone. In general, the results were in keeping with previous suggestions that the major effect of fluoride on bone is the formation of fluoroapatite and subsequent effects this may have on other metabolic alterations.