In vitro degradation of fibrinogen results in the appearance of an early fragment, different in its electrophoretic mobility to that of fragments X, Y, D and E. It reacts with antifibrinogen antiserum does not react with anti-D antiserum and it is antigenically related to fragment E. Compared with terminal fragment E, it migrates more slowly towards the anode, it appears earlier and in a greater concentration at the beginning, decreasing and disappearing during degradation. The antigen antibody crossed electrophoresis was used in these experiments, but to distinguish the fragments from already known X, Y or even fibrinogen, the applying of an intermediate gel with anti D was of great value.

Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products↗

PubMed1977

Artificial rearing of pigs. The effect of different levels of fat, protein and methionine in a milk-substitute diet containing skim milk and soya-bean oil.

1. Protein and energy requirements of pigs weaned at 2 d of age were studied. In Expt 1, three diets with crude protein (CP; nitrogen x 6.38) and fat contents (g/kg dry matter (DM)) of 268, 260 (diet A); 216, 415 (diet B) and 264, 405 (diet C) were compared, with and without a supplement of 2 g DL-methionine/kg. Diets A and B contained skim milk and soya-bean oil only, in different proportions. Casein was added to diet C to equalize the CP content to that of diet A. In Expt 2, diets containing 290 or 315 g CP/kg DM were used with either 310 or 405 g fat/kg. The diets contained different proportions of skim milk, soya-bean oil and casein. The same diets as used in Expt 2 were used in Expt 3 but fed to a scale based on live weight which was 25% less than that used in Expts 1 and 2. 2. Methionine supplementation had no significant effect (P greater than 0.05) on the growth rate or feed: gain ratio of pigs from 2 to 28 d of age. The growth rate of the pigs from 2 to 28 d of age was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced when they were given the higher level of either CP or fat, with the exception that the effect of fat was not significant (P greater than 0.05) in Expt 3. The reduction in growth rate was associated with a decrease in feed intake. Feed: gain ratios were unaffected (P greater than 0.05) by the level of either CP or fat in the diet. 3. The higher protein level did increase the proportion of CP in the carcass DM (Expt 2 P less than 0.01, Expt 3 P greater than 0.05) and gave an indication, which was not significant (P greater than 0.05), of improved N retention (g/d per kg live weight). The higher dietary fat level increased the proportion of lipid in the carcass DM, and this effect was significant (P less than 0.05) in both Expts 2 and 3. 4. Diets containing additional casein were not fully consumed at the level of feeding used in Expt 2. This effect may be associated with the larger amounts of digesta in the stomachs of these pigs. Some differences in the composition of the digesta in the stomach were observed, but these did not affect the performance of the pigs. 5. It seems likely that either growth rate or feed: gain ratio (g DM consumed/g live-weight gain) can be improved by protein or energy levels exceeding those in a diet containing (g/kg DM) 730 skim milk (265-290 CP) and 310 fat. In this diet, containing (g/kg DM) 6-4 methionine and 3-5 cystine, sulphur amino acid requirements were satisfied.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1976

Artificial rearing of pigs. 5. The effect of different proportions of beef tallow or soya-bean oil and dried skim milk in the diet on growth, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and carcass compostion.

1. Diets containing different proportions of skim milk and fat, either beef tallow or soyabean oil, supplemented with fat-soluble vitamins were given to 2-d-old pigs. Each fat source was used in three diets containing approximately 280, 350 and 420 g fat, and 260, 235 and 210 g protein/kg dry matter respectively. 2. The diets were given as a milk containing 200 g solids/l during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were given the diet at hourly intervals according to a scale based on live weight. 3. Increasing the energy content of the diet, with the accompanying decrease in protein content, had no effect on live-weight gain or feed: gain ratio (g feed dry matter/g live-weight gain) (other than a slight reduction in live-weight gain when beef tallow was used), or on nitrogen retention. However, the fat content of the carcass of the 28-d-old pig was increased, and its protein and ash content were decreased. 4. The apparent digestibilities of the fatty acids ranged from 0-96 to 1-00. The faeces from pigs given the soya-bean-oil diets contained some eicosanoic, docosanoic and tetracosanoic acids, presumably of bacterial origin. In general, palmitic and stearic acids were slightly less well digested than oleic and linoleic acids.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs. Measurements of the flow of digesta and pH.

1. Thirty-five pigs were fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial. 2. Methods for collecting, sampling and returning digesta were developed. 3. A 'practical-type' diet and two purfied diets were used, fed twice daily. 4. Flow and pH of digesta were measured hourly in the duodenum and jejunum, and every 6 h in the ileum. 5. In the duodenum and jejunum there were clear flow responses to feeding, while such an effect was not found in the ileum where the flow-rate was much lower and more uniform than in the former sites. 6. In the duodenum and jejunum, and within 6 h periods in the ileum, there was considerable variation in the flow-rate between different pigs within each hour but there was less variation in pH. 7. The pattern of flow in the duodenum and jejunum was similar for each of the diets but the total flow and the average pH in 24 h differed significantly between diets. There were more digesta of a lower pH from the 'practical-type' diet than the purified diets. 8. The pH in the duodenum was highest after feeding and decreased with increasing time after feeding. In the jejunum and ileum the pH-varied over a much smaller range than in the duodenum. 9. Collections for 6 h periods appeared to be insufficiently long to predict the values obtained in 24 h collections with reasonable accuracy.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1976