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Biomedical subjects

R C Klesges

Publications and source records attributed to R C Klesges.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Relationship of smoking status, energy balance, and body weight: analysis of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

The relationship between smoking status and body mass index (weight/height) was evaluated, controlling for demographics, dietary intake, and physical activity. Subjects were 10,778 adult respondents from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Results indicate that never smokers and long-term quitters had similar relative body weights and that low-rate current smokers were not significantly different from never smokers. However, both medium- and high-rate current smokers weighed less than nonsmokers and low-rate smokers. When medium- versus high-rate smokers were contrasted, sex interacted with results. Specifically, weight-control properties of smoking were more pronounced in women than men. It is proposed that future research should more closely evaluate metabolic changes as a function of smoking status.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Parental influence on food selection in young children and its relationships to childhood obesity.

This investigation evaluated the impact of parental influences on children's food selections and the impact of childhood obesity on these food choices. Subjects were 53 young children of various weight status. Foods ranging widely in nutritional values were offered to each child for lunch. The children were again offered foods but were told that their mothers would be monitoring their selections. Finally, mothers were allowed to modify their children's last food choices. Results indicated that parental influences have a marked effect on food selection; both the threat of parental monitoring and actual parental monitoring lowered the number of nonnutritious foods chosen and total caloric content of the meal. The obesity status of the mothers and children had no impact on these results. The implication of these results for future intervention efforts are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The individual and combined effects of cigarette smoking and food on resting energy expenditure.

The influence of cigarette smoking and food intake on resting energy expenditure (REE) was investigated. Fifteen smokers were presented, over four days, with cigarette consumption, food consumption, the consumption of both cigarettes and food, and neither cigarettes nor food consumption. Results indicated that both food and cigarette smoking increased REE and food increased REE considerably more than smoking cigarettes (17.1 vs 7.5 percent). The combination of the two was less than additive (24.1 percent). The results may aid in elucidating the mechanisms that contribute to a lowered body weight in smokers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Physical activity, body composition, and blood pressure: a multimethod approach.

The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate, using multiple measures of physical activity, the relationships among physical activity, body composition, resting heart rate, and blood pressure in an adult population. Subjects were 221 male (135 normal weight, 86 overweight) and 221 female (156 normal weight, 65 overweight) subjects participating in a longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk factors in families. All subjects were administered three physical activity questionnaires. Principal components analyses were conducted to reduce measures into empirically derived subscales; this analysis revealed five stable factors in men and four in women. Results indicated that aerobic/leisure time significantly correlated to body composition and resting heart rate in both men and women. Additionally, aerobic/leisure time activity was related to blood pressure in women, and moderate activity was related positively to blood pressure in men. No other form of activity (e.g., light activity, anaerobic activity) was related to either adiposity or blood pressure. The implications of these results are discussed, and future research directions are highlighted.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Measuring short-term dietary intake: development and testing of a 1-week food frequency questionnaire.

Measures typically used to assess short-term intake are 24-hour recalls or records of food intake. However, these methods require a large time commitment from both researchers and subjects. Our study sought to develop a more time-efficient method of assessing short-term intake by developing a 7-day food frequency questionnaire (7DFFQ). We modified Willett's 1-year food frequency questionnaire to assess intake for a 7-day period. Content validity has previously been exhibited in Willett's work. We assessed criterion validity by comparing the 7DFFQ with 24-hour recalls. Twenty-one female and 20 male college students were asked to recall their previous day's intake three times during a 1-week period. After the last recall, subjects completed a 7DFFQ covering the same week. Data were analyzed by comparing each recall and the mean of the three recalls with values obtained on the 7DFFQ. Analyses revealed high correlations between the mean of the three recalls and the 7DFFQ. Further analysis ranked subjects into quartiles for each nutrient on both measures. Most subjects changed either no quartiles or only one quartile for total energy and each nutrient. Test/retest reliability was assessed by administering the 7DFFQ to a group of women for two consecutive weeks and by administering the 7DFFQ to a group twice 3 hours apart. Pearson's r and intraclass correlations for the two administrations show moderately high reliability over the 1-week period and considerable improvement with the 3-hour administration. The 7DFFQ appears to meet several of the criteria for a measure of dietary intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A psychometric study of restraint: the impact of race, gender, weight and marital status.

This investigation examined the psychometric characteristics of the Revised Restraint Scale and its two subscales (Weight Fluctuation, Concern for Dieting) in a university with a diverse student population. Subjects were 497 individuals (151 men, 346 women) ranging in age from 17 to 57 years (mean age = 21 years). Of the total sample, 70% were White (n = 348) and 22% were Black (n = 109). Results indicated significant between-groups differences on the total Restraint scores, with Whites scoring higher than Blacks, females scoring higher than males, and overweight individuals scoring higher than normal weight individuals. Similar results were found with both of the subscales. Despite the large number of between-groups differences observed, internal reliabilities of the total scale and the two subscales were similar and generally high within each of the categories surveyed. In general, however, lower reliabilities were observed for overweight subjects compared to normal weight subjects. The results of this study suggest that restraint status may vary as a function of individuals' demographic characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The comparability of two commonly used carbon monoxide analysis systems: a technical note.

Carbon monoxide (CO) in expired breath is a common strategy for verifying smoking abstinence. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the comparability of two carbon monoxide (CO) analyzers: the commonly used Ecolyzer Series 2000 analyzer versus the new, highly portable, and less expensive Ecolyzer Model 210. Fifty-eight CO readings were obtained from 29 subjects (17 smokers, 12 nonsmokers) and analyzed on both systems simultaneously. Results indicated that the analyzers yielded highly comparable values for both smokers and nonsmokers. Moreover, the correlation between the two units' readings was very high (r = .92, p less than .001). There was, however, a significant analyzer by sex interaction with the Series 2000 analyzer yielding higher values for males. Overall, it was concluded that the Series 210 analyzer is a highly accurate and cost-effective instrument.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A multimethod approach to the measurement of childhood physical activity and its relationship to blood pressure and body weight.

This investigation examined the relationships among measures of childhood physical activity and their association with measures of weight and blood pressure in a sample (n = 222) of preschool children. A multimethod factored approach to the assessment of physical activity was used; this approach included direct observation, motion sensor evaluation, and several parental reports of the subjects' activity levels. Analysis of these data revealed three highly significant activity factors: general activity, hyperactivity, and direct-observation-competitiveness activity. When the association between physical activity factors and cardiovascular risk was explored, no consistent relationship was found between the various childhood physical activity factors and the cardiovascular risk factors of weight and blood pressure. Individual (nonfactored) physical activity measures also failed to correlate with children's physical activity. The results indicate that physical activity is not related to obesity and blood pressure in children. However, other interpretations (i.e., that the activity protocol was insufficiently accurate to detect subtle differences, or that children are not participating in enough physical activity to affect their cardiovascular health) are also possible.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1990

Effects of obesity, social interactions, and physical environment on physical activity in preschoolers.

Examined demographic, environmental, and parent-child interactional correlates of physical activity in a group of 222 preschoolers. Activity levels were assessed with a system that quantified directly observed physical activity in the natural environment. Using regression-modeling procedures, results revealed a significant relationship between (a) child's relative weight, parental weight status, and percentage of time spent outdoors (environment) and (b) children's activity levels. Parental obesity was associated with lower levels of physical activity in children, childhood relative weight was associated with slightly higher levels of physical activity, and more outdoor activity was associated with higher activity levels. Parental participation in children's activities also significantly interacted with levels of parental obesity in predicting activity levels. Those children with a 50% risk for obesity (as defined by both, one, or neither parent being overweight) had small changes in activity across levels of parent-child interaction, whereas those at higher risk for obesity responded with increased activity as parent-child interactions increased. Results are discussed, and the implications of these findings for future intervention efforts are examined.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

The effects of phenylpropanolamine on dietary intake, physical activity, and body weight after smoking cessation.

This investigation evaluated the effect of phenylpropanolamine on the weight gain associated with 2 weeks of abstinence from smoking. Subjects were 57 adult female cigarette smokers who were randomly assigned, in a double-blind procedure, to chew gum with phenylpropanolamine or placebo gum, or to chew no gum. After a baseline assessment, subjects were paid to quit smoking for a period of 2 weeks. Forty-one (72%) of the 57 subjects were successful in quitting smoking for the 2-week period. Results indicated that, relative to the other two conditions, abstinent subjects receiving phenylpropanolamine gained 1.5 to 1.9 pounds less weight (p less than 0.05). In addition, abstinence rates were higher (p less than 0.03) and dietary intake lower for subjects receiving phenylpropanolamine (p less than 0.05) relative to the other two conditions. No changes in physical activity were observed. It is concluded that phenylpropanolamine may help reduce weight gain associated with smoking abstinence and in this way may enhance smoking cessation efforts in certain individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Smoking status: effects on the dietary intake, physical activity, and body fat of adult men.

This investigation evaluated the relationship between smoking status and body fatness, dietary intake, and physical activity in adults. Subjects were 210 males who were either regular cigarette smokers (n = 35) or nonsmokers (n = 175). Estimated body fat and waist-to-hip (girth) measurements were carefully obtained. Additionally, a sensitive assessment of long-term dietary intake and a multifactorial approach to the assessment of physical activity were made. Results indicated that smokers had lower estimated body fat as calculated by multiple skinfold thickness assessments. In contrast, smokers reported the same total energy intakes as nonsmokers and their levels of physical activity were significantly lower than those of nonsmokers. The differences in intake and expenditure in smokers and the role of metabolism as a possible determinant of the body fat differences in smokers vs nonsmokers are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The perceived self-competence of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: deficit or strength?

Two studies were conducted in an attempt to replicate an earlier finding of self-esteem deficits in adolescent girls with early onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Participants in Study 1 were 139 adolescents with IDDM who completed the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (Harter, 1979). A 2 (gender) X 2 (group: age of IDDM onset: early vs. late) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) did not reveal a significant interaction effect. Study 2 included 136 adolescents (104 adolescents with IDDM and 32 physically healthy adolescents) who completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985). A 2 (gender) X 3 (early IDDM onset, late IDDM onset, physically healthy control) MANCOVA, controlling for the effects of social class and adolescent age, also indicated no significant interaction effect. Thus, we found no differences in self-esteem based on age at disease onset and gender in two independent samples of youths with IDDM. In Study 2, significant gender and group effects were revealed, but when these findings are compared with normative data and data from our physically healthy sample, the results suggest that the youths with IDDM were functioning within the normal range on self-esteem. The importance of these findings in regard to the deficit versus adaptation models of chronic illness is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

The accuracy of self-reports of physical activity.

This investigation determined the accuracy of self-reports of physical activity compared to observations obtained surreptitiously. Subjects were 44 adults engaged in 1 h of their preferred physical activity while actual activity levels were surreptitiously obtained and compared to immediate self-reported estimates of physical activity. Results indicated that subjects were moderately accurate in recalling their physical activity levels (R = 0.62) but underestimated sedentary activities and overestimated aerobic activities by over 300%. Males overestimated their activity relative to females, and obese subjects underestimated their activity levels compared to normal-weight subjects. Finally, a number of two-way interactions that moderated the accuracy of those subjects engaging in high chronic levels of physical activity were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effects of applicant's health status and qualifications on simulated hiring decisions.

The effects of having diabetes or obesity on simulated job decisions was evaluated in a two (qualifications, high v. marginal) by three (diabetes, mildly obese, or normal) design. Subjects were 295 adults, averaging 5.02 years of full-time employment in white-collar settings, recruited in advanced level graduate or undergraduate business classes. Each subject examined a job description and a resume of the 'applicant' and viewed a 5-minute videotape. The applicant's face was never seen and an off-camera voice, constant across all conditions, was dubbed in for the applicant's responses to the interviewer's questions. Subjects were then asked to rate the applicant's qualification level and demeanor during the interview and to recommend whether or not to hire the individual. Subjects were also asked to make ratings about the applicant's work habits, work reliability and absenteeism, and interpersonal skills (e.g. emotional problems, likeability). Results indicated that level of quantification affected decisions to hire the applicant in the predicted direction. However, the obese applicant was rated as less qualified for the job, and both the diabetic and obese applicant were less likely to be hired, although they were rated similarly on personal appearance, attitude during the interview, and communication skills. Additionally, both the obese and the diabetic applicant were viewed as having poorer work habits. The diabetic was rated as much more likely to have medically-related job absences, whereas the obese applicant was rated as more likely to have other absences (e.g. abusing company privileges by feigning illness) and to have emotional and interpersonal problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A developmental analysis of the influence of body weight on the sociometry of children.

The influence of relative weight on sociometric nominations (liking and disliking) and sociometric ratings by first, third, and fifth graders was assessed. In terms of nominations, first grade overweight males, relative to other males and to overweight females, received fewer liking nominations. On the sociometric ratings, third grade overweight males were rated lower by other males. Ratings by females at each grade level, and by fifth grade males, were influenced by gender considerations and not by weight considerations. That is, boys rated boys higher than they rated girls, and girls rated girls higher than they rated boys, regardless of the child's weight status. Additional analyses demonstrated that these findings were not qualified by the weight of the child making the ratings. Thus, developmental evidence was found for less liking (but not disliking) of overweight peers among first and third grade males, while weight did not appear to influence the decisions of fifth graders. These results call into question the validity of a social stigma often assumed to be associated with overweight children.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1989

Validity, reliability, and factor structure of the Anorectic Cognitions Questionnaire.

Several authors have hypothesized cognitive distortion as central to the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. However, there have been few investigations of these hypotheses. Equally as important, psychometrically sound devices for assessing these cognitions are notably lacking. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the psychometric characteristics of the Anorectic Cognitions Questionnaire (MAC). This study reports on initial item development, initial concurrent validity, factor structure, initial item refinement, and internal consistency. Results indicated that the MAC has good concurrent validity, three theoretically defined factors were empirically supported, and the scale is internally consistent.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A prospective study of the reliability and convergent validity of three physical activity measures in a field research trial.

This investigation sought to determine the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of three commonly used physical activity measures. The Stanford Physical Activity Recall, the Caltrac Activity Monitor, and a daily physical activity log were administered to 45 subjects over a 3-week period. The results indicated high levels of test-retest reliability for the Stanford and the daily log; low test-retest reliability was obtained for the Caltrac. Convergent validity was also high between the Stanford and daily log but was low for both of these measures with the Caltrac. These results suggest that the Stanford Physical Activity Recall may be the self-report measure of choice for large studies due to its high reliability and convergent validity with a more time-consuming daily log, as well as its cost- and time-efficiency. Based on the results, it is recommended that the Caltrac activity sensors not be used for field studies of physical activity until the logistical problems of their use in clinical trials are solved.

Adult↗