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Biomedical subjects

R C Kockelbergh

Publications and source records attributed to R C Kockelbergh.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Concomitant chemoradiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: the way forward for bladder preservation?

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a common malignancy with a high mortality rate. Despite ongoing debates about the optimal primary intervention, radical cystectomy remains the cornerstone of first-line therapy in many institutions. Over the past decade, bladder-preserving strategies involving transurethral resection (TUR), chemotherapy and radiotherapy have evolved. However, the advantage of these approaches over radiation treatment as monotherapy has yet to be fully evaluated. In other tumour models, most notably cervical and anal cancer, radiation and chemotherapy delivered concomitantly have resulted in significant survival advantages. Here, we consider the potential value of this approach in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer. Concomitant chemoradiotherapy is currently the mainstay of several bladder-preserving programmes reported in the medical literature. Overall, local control and survival rates compare favourably with contemporary cystectomy series; however, difficulties in drawing valid conclusions are highlighted. Concomitant chemoradiotherapy may have a role in the management of certain patient subgroups, and the debate should remain open. Further large-scale randomised trials are needed, and information regarding bladder function and quality of life after treatment is lacking at present. The importance of close follow-up and prompt salvage cystectomy is emphasised.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2004

The management of lymph node metastasis from bladder cancer.

AIM: The presence of pelvic lymph node metastasis from bladder cancer has traditionally been associated with a very poor prognosis. The aim of this paper is to review the literature with regard to the management of patients with nodal disease, particularly gross nodal metastasis and suggest a strategy for management of these patients. METHODS: We performed a literature search in the PubMed database and the reference lists of relevant papers describing the management of locally advanced bladder cancer. FINDINGS: There are no randomised studies relating specifically to the management of nodal metastasis in bladder cancer. It is clear however that a significant number of patients with micrometastatic nodal disease may be cured. Few studies exist which address the management of patients with gross nodal disease and consist of series from a limited number of institutions. In patients with gross nodal disease detected pre-operatively or at the time of surgery, a multimodality approach consisting of surgery, chemotherapy and possibly radiotherapy seems appropriate. The prognosis of such patients relates to the pathological stage of the primary tumour and the degree of lymph node involvement. In addition a good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy may identify patients who are likely to survive longer. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis for patients with gross nodal disease from bladder cancer is poor although cure may be possible in a small number of patients. In such cases a multimodality approach is appropriate and management decisions should be made on an individual patient basis.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed2003

Measurements using the alkaline comet assay predict bladder cancer cell radiosensitivity.

In the UK, the two main treatments of invasive bladder cancer are radiotherapy or cystectomy. However, approximately 50% of patients undergoing radiotherapy fail to respond. If tumour radiosensitivity could be predicted in advance, it may be possible to improve control rates significantly by selecting for radiotherapy those patients whose tumours are radiosensitive. Additionally, patients who would benefit from surgery would be identified earlier. The alkaline comet assay (ACA) is a sensitive method for the detection of DNA strand break damage in cells. In the present study, using six bladder cancer cell lines of differing radiosensitivities, cell survival was compared to the manifestation of radiogenic DNA damage as assessed by ACA. For all the cell lines, the extent of comet formation strongly correlates with cell killing (R2>0.96), with a greater response being noted in radiosensitive cells. In repair studies, measures of residual damage correlate with survival fraction at 2 Gy (R2>0.96), but for only five of the cell lines. Finally, cells from human bladder tumour biopsies reveal a wide range of predicted radiosensitivies as determined by ACA. Overall, these studies demonstrate ACA to be a good predictive measure of bladder cancer cell radiosensitivity at low dose, with potential clinical application.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1994

Prolonged suction drainage prevents serous wound discharge after cardiac surgery.

A series of 180 patients was randomised to two groups after median sternotomy performed for cardiac surgery in order to evaluate the effect of suction drainage on serous wound discharge. In group A all wounds were drained using two conventional mediastinal drains, while in group B one suction drain and one conventional mediastinal drain were employed. Five patients developed serous wound discharge in group B compared with 14 in group A (chi 2, P < 0.02). There were no significant differences between the rates of major wound infection (group A, n = 1; group B, n = 1) or the incidence of postoperative pericardial effusion assessed by echocardiography (group A, n = 10; group B, n = 5).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Pyeloureterostomy in the management of renal allograft ureteral complications: an alternative technique.

Pyeloureterostomy is the standard procedure for reconstructing renal allograft ureteral complications. Most reports describe an end-to-end technique with or without native nephrectomy. An alternative is an end-to-side anastomosis, leaving the native ureter in continuity. We report our experience with the latter method. Since July 1983, 437 renal transplantations have been performed at our institution. End-to-side pyeloureterostomy has been used in 5 cases for urological reconstruction after renal transplantation following ureteral ischemic necrosis or stenosis. In 1 patient the native kidneys had been removed several years previously but in the remaining 4 the native kidneys were left in situ. There have been no significant complications following this procedure. We believe that by not significantly mobilizing, ligating or dividing the native ureter the chance of anastomotic breakdown due to ischemia may be decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The transanal resectoscope: an under-used instrument?

The use of the urological resectoscope in the treatment of rectal tumours has been described in detail. We report the use of the purpose built transanal resectoscope in the treatment of 34 patients. Fourteen patients had villous adenomas and all but one were relieved of symptoms. Of 20 patients with rectal carcinoma, three presented with acute intestinal obstruction and three had rectal stump recurrences. Palliation was excellent in patients with general symptoms, but the results were disappointing for rectal stump recurrences. Transanal resection (TAR) is a novel form of treatment for patients with rectal obstruction. Two patients in this study had their obstruction successfully relieved by transanal resection alone. This allowed formal bowel preparation and full pre-operative assessment. We feel that this technique is under-used and that the results of treatment justify more widespread acceptance of the procedure.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1991

Clam enterocystoplasty in general urological practice.

A series of 45 patients (31 female) underwent clam enterocystoplasty for urgency and incontinence. The majority had detrusor instability. Prolonged conservative treatment had failed in all cases. Improvement occurred in 71% and those younger than 30 years had better overall results; 29% remained incontinent, with 9% requiring a urinary diversion. Many patients did not achieve maximum benefit until 9 months post-operatively. Surgery had no statistically significant effect on any urodynamic parameter and post-operative complications were common. The operation was performed in either the coronal (19) or the sagittal plane (26); this did not influence results. In general, surgery was found to be technically simpler in the sagittal group and it is recommended that this becomes the standard procedure. We feel that this operation involves major surgery and should only be offered with reluctance.

Adult↗