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Biomedical subjects

R C Oliver

Publications and source records attributed to R C Oliver.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Variations in the prevalence and extent of periodontitis.

A national survey of employed adults showed a decrease in the extent and severity of periodontal disease in comparison with findings from earlier studies. Using data from that survey, this report evaluates the association of socioeconomic factors--race, education, income and dental insurance, as well as most recent dental visit--with the prevalence and extent of periodontal disease. Periodontitis was more prevalent and usually more extensive in persons who are black, have less education or had not seen a dentist in three or more years. Having dental insurance was not associated with better periodontal health.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Evaluating periodontal status of US employed adults.

A national survey of employed adults was conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research to provide more current epidemiologic information about dental disease. This report addresses one aspect of the survey's findings: periodontal status. Although almost all employed adults had experienced some loss of periodontal attachment, less than 13% had loss of attachment of 5 mm or greater. Gingival recession affected half of the population. The extent and severity of periodontal disease improved in comparison with findings from earlier studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Periodontal diseases in the U.S. in 1981: prevalence, severity, extent, and role in tooth mortality.

Prevalence, severity, and extent of periodontal diseases as well as the role of periodontal diseases in tooth mortality are described for persons 19 years and older in the U.S. in 1981. The data were collected with a household probability sample of non-institutionalized persons living in the contiguous 48 states. Plaque and calculus scores were collected for six index teeth. All permanent teeth present and capable of being assessed were scored for gingivitis; pocket depths were measured on the mesial of each tooth with a periodontal probe. Examinations were conducted by trained dentists calibrated on specific criteria. Only 15% of persons in the U.S. in 1981 were free from any sign of periodontal diseases. Periodontitis (pockets greater than or equal to 4 mm) affected approximately 36% of the population. Advanced periodontitis (pockets greater than or equal to 6 mm) was present in 8% of the population and was usually found on only one or two teeth when present. End-stage periodontal destruction requiring extraction of teeth was found in only 4% of all persons while less than 20% of all missing teeth were listed as missing due to periodontal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

An estimate of periodontal treatment needs in the U.S. based on epidemiologic data.

It has generally been assumed, based on previous epidemiologic and utilization studies as well as the increasing elderly population, that there would be an increasing need for periodontal treatment. Analysis of a more recent household epidemiologic survey conducted in 1981 indicates that the need for treatment of periodontitis is less than previous estimates. These epidemiologic data have been translated into treatment needs through a series of conversion rules derived from previous studies and current patterns of treatment, and applied to the 1985 U.S. population. The total periodontal services needed for scaling, surgery, and prophylaxes would require 120 to 133 million hours and $5 to $6 billion annually if the total population were treated for periodontitis over a 4-year period. Only 11% of the total hours needed would be for scaling and surgery whereas 89% would be needed for prophylaxes. Expenditures for periodontal treatment total approximately 10% of the amount being spent on dental care in 1985. On the basis of these data, it seems unlikely that there will be a substantial increase in the need for periodontal treatment in a growing and aging U.S. population. These figures represent the upper limits of treatment need and are reduced by factoring in current utilization of periodontal treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Patient evaluation.

Failure to diagnose periodontal disease is a frequent and unnecessary error. A new periodontal screening examination has been proposed that will accurately detect periodontal disease in approximately five minutes and can be incorporated into a routine dental examination. Simplified treatment planning based on the findings of the periodontal screening examination has also been proposed. Its use could significantly improve the quality of periodontal care for most dental patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Changes in the surface properties of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes, induced by bacteria and bacterial endotoxin.

Rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leucocytes were induced to aggregate by a variety of bacterial species. In the absence of serum, Gram-negative bacteria were more effective at inducing aggregation than Gram-positive. The most effective micro-organism tested, Acinetobacter sp. 199A, was readily phagocytosed and also induced extracellular secretion of the granule enzymes peroxidase and lysozyme. Isolated endotoxin from this bacterial species was highly effective in inducing aggregation and granule enzyme release. Endotoxin-induced aggregation was associated with a large increase in the amount of lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of surface protein. Only one iodinatable protein was detected, of molecular weight 150 000. It is postulated that phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria, followed by granule enzyme release, accelerates the rate of membrane recycling and that this brings new adhesive protein to the surface more rapidly.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Endotoxin-induced platelet aggregation and secretion. II. Changes in plasma membrane proteins.

Responses of blood platelets to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been correlated with changes in the molecular organization and composition of the platelet plasma membrane proteins. Binding of LPS, which occurred in the absence of Ca2+, was distinguished from platelet aggregation and degranulation, which required Ca2+ and plasma proteins. Changes in membrane organization were detected by double-labelling with [125I] and [131I] iodide, mediated by lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Changes in total membrane composition were detected by gel electrophoresis of isolated membranes. Binding of LPS was associated with increased accessibility of a protein of mol. wt. 80000 to iodination. After aggregation and degranulation there was, in addition, increased accessibility of proteins of mol. wt. 68000 and 48000. Isolated membranes from LPS-stimulated platelets contained more of a protein of mol. wt. 200000 and less of a protein of mol. wt. 220000 than control membranes prepared from unstimulated platelets in the presence of cAMP and aminophylline. The relationship of the modified plasma membrane proteins to the contractile proteins of the platelet and their possible redistribution in the cell during aggregation and secretion is discussed.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1976

Lysis and killing of bacteria by lysosomal proteinases.

The bacteriolytic and bactericidal effects of the human proteinases cathepsin B, cathepsin D, cathepsin G, and elastase were investigated. Cathepsin G and elastase were 5 to 10% as active as egg white lysozyme in the lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. All four enzymes slowly lysed the lysozyme-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The gram-negative Acinetobacter 199A was rendered sensitive to lysozyme by all of the proteinases. Only elastase caused marked proteolysis of the outer membrane, which would permit access by lysozyme to the underlying peptidoglycan. When the surface layer of regularly arranged a protein was removed, however, the outer membrane proteins became susceptible to the other proteinases. Cathepsin G, elastase, and cathepsin D were bactericidal to Acinetobacter 199A. The bactericidal activity of cathepsin D was shown to be dependent on enzymatic activity, unlike that of cathepsin G, which was related to its cationic nature.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1976

Synthesis and turnover of the regularly arranged surface protein of Acinetobacter sp. relative to the other components of the cell envelope.

The formation of the components of the cell envelope of Acinetobacter sp. 199A was investigated by measuring the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein, [14C]galactose into lipopolysaccharide, 32P into phospholipid, and [3H]diaminopimelic acid into peptidoglycan. Whereas the lipopolysaccharide and intrinsic protein of the outer membrane were stable, some of the regularly arranged surface protein, the alpha-protein, was lost into the growth medium. Only newly synthesized alpha-protein was lost. The peptidoglycan of the murein layer was also labile. Selective inhibition of the formation of individual components of the cell envelope with penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin showed that incorporation of protein into the outer membrane required the simultaneous formation of complete lipopolysaccharide. The converse was not true: protein synthesis was not required for lipopolysaccharide incorporation. Formation of the outer membrane and the murein layer proceeded independently.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1976

A periodontist's view on the assessment of periodontal disease in the community.

Periodontal treatment differs from other forms of dental treatment in that it demands long term cooperation from the patient without which the dentists' efforts are largely without value. The earliest stage of periodontal disease is gingivitis which is characterized by bleeding on gentle probing. It is a reversible condition which, depending on many poorly understood factors, may or may not progress to periodontal disease. This stage is characterized by the apical migration of junctional epithelium, pocket formation and loss of alveolar bone. Pocket depth, though not indicating the presence of active disease, is the best available measure of periodontal disease. In school children the majority of disease is gingivitis which can be largely eliminated by plaque control which they should be taught to practise from themselves. In adults a screening procedure has been developed which will rapidly identify those in need of treatment. Patients with gingivitis can be referred to hygienists. Those with moderately advanced disease are scheduled for non-surgical periodontal therapy which should be followed by re-evaluation and redefinition of the treatment plan. Those with advanced periodontal disease are usually referred for specialist treatment. It has been shown that pockets of up to 5 mm in depth can be maintained without further destruction by plaque control combined with scaling and root planing. The most important aspect of periodontal health remains the quality of long term maintenance care and the motivation of the patient to accept responsibility for it.

Adolescent↗