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Biomedical subjects

R C Purohit

Publications and source records attributed to R C Purohit.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Effects of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride on the electroencephalogram and the electrocardiogram in the horse.

A continuous series of electroencephalograms (EEG) was obtained from each of 6 mature horses which had been given xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride IV. Electrocardiograms and respiratory rates were also obtained. The EEG of the unsedated standing adult horse displayed a dominant fast activity in the range of 25-35 Hz, 5-30 microV superimposed over slower 1-4 Hz, 10-50 microV activity with occasional 10-14 Hz, 10-40 microV spindle-type activity. The xylazine-sedated horse displayed hypersynchronous EEG patterns, with the dominant activity being 1-3 Hz, 10-70 microV with overlying mixed frequencies of 5-10 Hz, 10-40 microV and 10-14 Hz, 10-40 microV spindle-type activity. Some 25-35 Hz, 5-10 microV activity was present in 5 of the 6 horses. Ketamine administration 3 minutes after xylazine injection caused an increase in high-voltage slow activity. The dominant frequency was 1-3 Hz, 20-100 microV, with superimposed mixed irregular frequencies of 6-10 Hz, 10-50 microV and 10-14 Hz, 10-40 microV spindle-type activity. All horses developed some degree of second-degree atrioventricular (AV) heart block approximately 23 s after xylazine was injected. The second-degree AV heart block disappeared approximately 1 minute and 30 s after ketamine was injected in 4 of the 6 horses. The remaining 2 had second-degree AV heart block throughout the recording period (15 to 18 minutes). Respiration rates were depressed after xylazine was given and became irregular and apneustic after ketamine injection. The cyclic rate of respiration varied from 19 to 30 breaths/minute. Xylazine depressed heart rates from 13% to 41% (mean 29.3%). Heart rates became faster or remained unchanged after ketamine was administered.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Sex cord tumour of the ovary with annular tubules (SCTAT).

Two cases of sex cord tumour of the ovary with annular tubules were diagnosed in African females of 23 and 57 years. In one case it was associated with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and with Stein-Leventhal ovaries whilst in the other case, pigmentation of the oral mucosa was present but without demonstrable polyposis of the intestine. The patient with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome presented with primary sterility whilst the other patient had a normal menstrual and obstetric history. Signs of virilization were not found in either case. The previously reported literature is reviewed and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the horse.

The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were studied in six healthy mature horses of mixed breeding and of both sexes. A parenteral preparation of gentamicin sulfate (5% aqueous solution) was administered rapidly (IV) at the dosage level of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Venous blood samples were taken at 0 (base line), 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after gentamicin administration. Serum gentamicin was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. The gentamicin concentration data was fitted to a one- and two-compartment open model with first-order elimination from the central compartment with the aid of nonlinear least squares program. The data were found to be best described by the two-compartment model with r2 = 0.997. Half-life, as determined from the terminal phase was 2.54 +/- 0.33 hours. Calculation of the total body clearance provided a mean of 1.16 +/- 0.11 ml/minute/kg of body weight (1.04 to 1.31 ml/minute/kg, range); the volume of distribution calculated from the area under the curve was determined separately for each animal and had a mean value of 0.254 +/- 0.036 L/kg. The initial exponential decline (alpha) in gentamicin serum concentration had an average value of 3.75 +/- 1.86 hours-1, whereas the terminal values were described by beta = 0.275 +/- 0.036 hours-1. Other pharmacokinetic values determined also are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Vascular anatomy and surgical technique for bilateral adrenalectomy in the equid.

The vascular anatomy of the adrenal glands and a surgical technique for bilateral adrenalectomy in the equid are described. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed in six ponies and one horse via bilateral transcostal retroperitoneal approaches through the 18th rib during a single anesthetic period. Complications included hemorrhage from the right side only and pneumothorax which usually occurred on the right side. One pony died as a result of the surgical technique. Maintenance of adrenal function was accomplished with desoxycorticosterone pivilate and prednisolone.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1980

Thermography in the diagnosis of inflammatory processes in the horse.

To evaluate the use of thermography in equine medicine, a three-phase study was conducted. In the first phase, six horses were examined thermographically, before and after exercise, to determine a normal thermal pattern. In the second phase, nine horses with acute and chronic inflammatory processes were examined thermographically. In the third phase, thermography was used to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs on chemically induced inflammatory reactions. All normal horses tested had similar infrared emission patterns. There was a high degree of symmetry between right and left and between front (dorsal) to rear (palmar, plantar) in the legs distal to the carpus and the tarsus. The warmer areas of the thermogram tended to follow major vascular structures. The coronary band was the warmest area of the leg. Heat increase due to exercise did not substantially alter the normal thermographic pattern. Use of thermography in clinical cases successfully detected a subluxation of the third lumbar vertebra, a subsolar abscess, alveolar periostitis and abscess, laminitis, serous arthritis of the femoropatellar joint, and tendonitis. Thermography was effective in quantitative and qualitative evaluation of anti-inflammatory compounds in the treatment of chemically induced inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Thermography: a technique for subclinical diagnosis of osteoarthritis.

Thermographic and radiographic evaluations of the tarsus (hock) were done on 20 Standardbred racehorses before and after exercise at three consecutive 6-week intervals. All horses were from the same stable and given the same care and training under identical schedules and conditions. Normal thermographic patterns were established before and after exercise. These patterns corresponded to the underlying tarsal vasculature. Postexercise thermal patterns indicated a warming trend, and the increases were uniform. Abnormal thermal patterns were more localized and did not conform to the normal underlying vascular distribution. Five of the 20 horses trained successfully and competed professionally, with 1 of the 5 showing abnormal thermographic changes. Four horses were too slow to race, and all of these had abnormal thermographic changes of their tarsi. The medial aspect of the right tarsus was more commonly involved than the lateral in these horses. Only one horse was clinically lame and exhibited thermal increases, as well as radiographic changes in the right tarsus. The remaining horses were removed from training due to miscellaneous causes. It was believed that the four horses that failed to make minimum track times (for racing) suffered discomfort in their tarsi sufficient to impair performance. This problem was attributed to early subclinical inflammatory changes within the joints. Though difficult to recognize radiographically, these early changes were conspicuous as abnormal thermographic patterns typical of inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Thermographic diagnosis of Horner's syndrome in the horse.

Lateral and frontal thermographic patterns of the head of normal horses before and after exercise were characterized to aid the diagnosis of diseases of the head. Surgical induction of Horner's syndrome was done in four horses by isolation and transection of the vagosympathetic trunk. One clinical case and the surgically induced cases of Horner's syndrome were evaluated clinically. Thermographic findings of the clinical case were similar to the experimental cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effect of exercise, phenylbutazone, and furosemide on the plasma renin activity and angiotensin I in horses.

Circulating concentrations of angiotensin I and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined in 45 Thoroughbreds before prerace medication (at rest), 1 to 1 1/2 hours before racing but after prerace medication (prerace), within 15 minutes after racing (immediately postrace), and between 1 to 2 hours after racing. Angiotensin I was measured by radioimmunoassay, and PRA was determined by the rate of generation of angiotensin I in plasma incubated at 37 C. Irrespective of prerace medication, there was a marked increase in angiotensin I (0.478 +/- 0.034 to 0.848 +/- 0.051 ng/ml) and PRA (0.191 +/- 0.018 to 0.522 +/- 0.061 ng/hour/ml) from the at-rest samples to the immediate-postrace samples, with the exception of anhidrotic horses in which increases in angiotensin I (0.7131 +/- 0.0794 to 0.8081 +/- 0.0608 ng/ml) and PRA (0.1635 +/- 0.0379 to 0.2176 +/- 0.0437 ng/hour/ml) were not as marked as they were in other horses. Administration of 1 mg of furosemide/kg 2 hours before racing caused an increase in PRA from 0.2438 +/- 0.0324 to 0.3706 +/- 0.1110 ng/hour/ml, whereas horses under the influence of 4 mg of phenylbutazone/kg had a decrease in PRA from 0.2090 +/- 0.0440 to 0.0669 +/- 0.0206 ng/hour/ml. Marked increases in angiotensin I and in PRA did not occur when horses were administered furosemide and phenylbutazone as prerace medication.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed1976

Penile pressures and muscle activity associated with erection and ejaculation in the dog.

A needle-tipped polyvinyl catheter or subminiature pressure transducer was implanted in the corpus cavernosum penis (CCP), corpus spongiosum penis (CSP), or bulbus glandis to determine the pressure during coitus in 42 dogs. Silver ring electrodes were implanted in the ischiocavernosus (IC) and bulbospongiosus (BS) muscles to monitor the electromyographic (EMG) activity of these muscles. The CCP pressure increased from 26 mmHg in the quiescent state to 161 mmHg at mild erection of the penis in the presence of a receptive female. During the intromission phase of coitus, the mean peak CCP pressure was 5,296 mmHg in the dogs with implanted catheters and 7,434 mmHg in the dogs with implanted transducers. The CCP pressure peaks during intromission were more in phase with the contractile activity of the IC muscles than with the BS muscles. Anesthesia of IC muscles with lidocaine significantly reduced the CCP pressures and the dogs with low pressures were unable to copulate because of insufficient erection for intromission, which indicated that the IC muscles were the source of energy for the high CCP pressure. The mean peak CSP and bulbus glandis pressures during the intromission phase of coitus were 579 and 1280 mmHg, respectively. The contractile activity of the BS muscles was in phase with the CSP pressure peaks. Anesthesia of BS muscles with lidocaine reduced the peak CSP and bulbus glandis pressures during attempted coitus. The mean rupture pressure of the CCP was 86,615 mmHg.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1975

Corpus spongiosum penis pressure and penile muscle activity in the stallion during coitus.

A needle-tipped catheter or subminiature pressure transducer was implanted in the corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) of Shetland Pony stallions to determine pressure during coitus. Electrodes for monitoring the electromyographic (EMG) activity were implanted in the ischiocavernosus (IC) and bulbospongiosus (BS) muscles. The mean peak CSP pressure recorded with the catheter was 762 mm of Hg, and with the subminiature pressure transducer, it was 994 mm of Hg. The simultaneous occurrence of the CSP pressure peaks and bursts of BS muscle activity indicated that these muscles were the likely source of energy for the increased pressures, which were far greater than the systemic blood pressure. This conclusion was further supported by the finding that anesthesia of the BS muscles greatly reduced the CSP pressures of the stallion during attempted coitus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anesthesia in sheep with propofol or with xylazine-ketamine followed by halothane.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the clinical usefulness and anesthetic effect of propofol, and compares these effects with those of xylazine-ketamine-halothane anesthesia in sheep. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Fourteen healthy adult male sheep. METHODS: Sheep were randomly assigned to two different drug regimens: (1) Bolus injection of propofol (3 mg/kg, intravenously [i.v.]) followed by continuous intravenous infusion and (2) xylazine (0.11 mg/kg, i.v.) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, i.v.) for induction followed by halothane anesthesia. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressures were monitored during anesthesia. Venous blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis. Quality of induction and recovery were also recorded. RESULTS: The average dose of propofol used to induce and maintain anesthesia was 6.63 +/- 2.06 mg/kg and 29.3 +/- 11.7 mg/kg/hr (0.49 +/- 0.20 mg/kg/min), respectively. The duration of propofol anesthesia was 45.3 +/- 13.2 minutes and recovery to standing occurred in 14.7 +/- 5.7 minutes. Sheep receiving xylazine-ketamine-halothane were anesthetized for 35.9 +/- 4.0 minutes and recovery to standing occurred within 28.5 +/- 7.5 minutes. Sheep anesthetized with propofol had a significantly higher heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and Pvo2, and a lower Pvco2 at 30 minutes and lower BE at 15 and 30 minutes than sheep anesthetized with xylazine-ketamine-halothane. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol anesthesia was characterized by a smooth induction, effective surgical anesthesia and rapid recovery which was comparable to anesthesia with xylazine-ketamine-halothane. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Propofol may be indicated in situations when it is desirable to maintain anesthesia with an intravenous infusion followed by a rapid recovery in healthy sheep.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Signet ring cell carcinoma of ampulla of Vater in a young adult.

Signet ring cell carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater is extremely rare. The 7 cases reported earlier have been in older patients. We report a 32-year-old lady with this condition, who also had metastases in the bone marrow, vertebrae, lungs and liver.

Adult↗